Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians Essay

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians - Essay Example Christian critics have debated the role of the Sabbath day and what Christians should do during the day. However, the major area of contention is the activities that man is supposed to be engaged during the day in accordance with the Christian teachings. The creation process according to Alister (1999, p53) occurred at the beginning, where there ‘was a word and the word was God’. This process is described in Genesis, a book contained in the Old Testament written many centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ, from whom Christians follow His teachings. The birth of Jesus Christ whom Christians regard as the son of God and as God himself exemplified the Sabbath day from which modern Christians follow in churches. The idea of Sabbath from the period that God created the world to the time of Jesus ministry has virtually remained unchanged and current Christians emulate the work and teachings of Jesus Christ on the Sabbath day. Many theologians have researched on the relatio nship between work and Sabbath in the Christian teachings. Karl Barth (1979, p40) a seasoned theologian argues that on the Sabbath day, God rested to celebrate his creation. In this regard, all Christians should leave behind their daily activities and join others in fellowship to celebrate God’s creations. ... The New Testament documents many incidents where Jesus observed the Sabbath day in accordance with God’s commandment. In Luke4:16, Jesus is recorded to have gone in the synagogue on the Sabbath day where he taught and read sermons to the congregation. Luke 6: 6 documents an incident when Jesus taught the congregation about a man whose hand was withered. These incidents demonstrate that Jesus celebrated the Sabbath day by engaging in God’s work. He worshipped, taught, and prayed with other believers in addition to performing miracles (Bruce, 2000, p34). Jesus Christ’s actions on the Sabbath day and are compliant with God’s commandment, which requires all believers to observe the day and keep it holy. Many critics have questioned why Jesus Christ performed miracles on the Sabbath day whereas God had forbidden work on that day. However, Jesus work was dedicated to God’s ministry, a practice that modern Christians follow to date. Attending Sunday church services is the continuation of God’s work and the mere action of attending the services qualifies all worshippers to be Christians. However, not all Americans attending the Sunday church service are Christian unless they follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. According to Alister (1999, p63), Christianity is a calling where believers are supposed to accept their failings and dedicate themselves to learn God commands. Accepting their weaknesses involves acknowledging that they are sinners and then seeking for forgiveness. Repentance according to Alister (1999, p 58) brings ‘change’ to a person by adopting a lifestyle that is compliant with God’s teachings. In addition, the repentant Christian should undergo baptism.

Speech Structures Essay Example for Free

Speech Structures Essay As I listened, what I saw as essential in the understanding of the cases was knowing the name of the case and the state or court that was involved, the procedural history, the facts, the legal issue or issues raised in the case by the defendant and prosecutor, the courts holding, the courts reasoning and the disposition. If one of these items was left out you do not get the whole picture and the dilemma at hand. With out some of these parts it would be hard to follow where one part ends and the other part begins. One person that I listened to that I believe had a good speech structure was her case was on Pennhurst State School v Halderman (1981) which dealt with the Mental Institution and Patients rights. She began by telling us what her speech was about and the things that were found within the speech. She then began by telling us an interesting bit of the history of Pennhurst leading to the case. She had all her information set up according to the directions and also did a good job in transitioning from one topic to another providing the correct information. Out of all the speeches I heard I feel like my own speech could have been better. My speech was on Lawrence v. Texas (2003) which dealt with sex and privacy. I feel like I rushed my speech a bit and did not notice some of my mistakes. I believe my speech needed a tighter organizational structure which would have helped me during my presentation because some of my topics were placed in places they should not have been. During all of the presentations I personally do not think that any one of the students failed to follow directions. I believe that everyone did a great job in writing and presenting their speeches. Some were put better then others and some just like myself lacked a bit of structure. But other then that I believe everyone followed the directions as best as they could. Civil liberties and Constitutional rights After listening to the presentations I learned a bit about our country. I learned that even in our recent times there are still some states that had or still have laws that go against individuals constitutional rights. As well as I learned how each and everyone of these important cases changed the aws and the visions of many people till this very day. What impressed me was the courage that many of these individuals had to stand up to segregation, racism, discrimination, and other horrible things. What also impressed me was in the case of Plessy vs Ferguson and how a guy that was almost completely white put him self out there as black to put a point across since in his community he was considered black because of his one ancestor. He was labeled as â€Å"Creole of Color† and arrested for sitting in the â€Å"white car†. One thing that still sticks in my mind is the case of Thompson V Ok. It is unbelievable how a 15 year old child could commit such a brutal murder with no remorse what so ever and not be sent to death because of his age even though he committed such a heinous crime. After everything the discussions at the end of our speeches were very helpful. They helped in further explaining the situations as well as they helped put current issues into perspective with the cases that we wrote about. It was quite interesting in seeing how these cases formed what we are now and where this country is headed. And for the most part I feel like they are headed in the right direction.

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment Ess

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   "You keep lying!" screamed Raskolnikov, no longer able to restrain himself. "You're lying, you damned clown!" And he flung himself on Porfiry, who retired to the doorway, but without a trace of panic. "I understand everything, everything!" He approached Porfiry. "You're lying and taunting me so Ill give myself away-" "You can't give yourself away any more than you have already, Rodion Romanovich, old man. Why, you've gone into a state. Don't shout, I'll call my men, sir!" (Dostoyevsky, 34) No humane person with any values is able to commit a heinous crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Slowly, this guilt festers and eats away at one's conscience until the point of escape, reached by confession, thus leading to salvation. Throughout Dostoyevsky's Crime and. Punishment the main character, Raskolnikov is stricken with guilt and suffering that eventually lead to his confession and redemption motivated by many forces. Crime and Punishment is the story of a young "intellect", Raskolnikov, who develops a superman theory. In his hypothesis, he felt that certain men were extraordinary and could commit unethical acts without punishment or a guilty conscience. In his case, he wanted to rid the earth of a parasite through the vicious slaying of an old pawnbroker, Alyona, and her sister, Lizaveta, in order to gain money so that he could continue his studies and to see if he was truly extraordinary. Was he truly the Napoleon that he thought he was? Could he walk over people with no regard for their feelings or sufferings as Napoleon had? (Literary Criticism, 68) "He is obviously no superman or Napoleon, but didn't get enough fre... ...ut its overwhelming power and the fact that it made such a painful impression on readers that those with strong nerves fell ill and those with weak nerves had to give up reading it. (Kjetsaa, 183) Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations. New York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York, New York: New American Library, Inc., 1968. Gale Research Co. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI 1984, Vol. 7. Kjetsaa, Geir. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writer's Life. New York, New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987, Magill, Frank. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1976. Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, CT; Yale University Press, 1985. Timoney, John. Speech on Crime and Punishment. Mt. Holyoke College, November 10, 1994.

International Business Economics Essay

Globalization and international forms of conducting business has been the overriding factor for most economies of the world in the last two decades. According to economists, the political and economic amalgamation of nations will continue to grow as linkages to migration of products, money and people beyond their national boundaries become evident. This has led to the apprehension that, there is need for regional integration in terms of collective, political and economic reorganizations. The main reasons for this are; to make the business environment friendlier, economic power shift and regional balancing. This essay will therefore argue out the pros and cons of regional integration with specific reference to the EU. It will discuss the general benefits that have so far been gained and the downbeat impacts experienced as a result of the same. More emphasis will be placed on the impacts on the member states themselves. Regional integration aims to promote economic welfare gains among countries that have come together to meet some specific economic objectives. The EU is both a functional entity and territorial in that its main duty is to transfer sovereignty and handle regional projects that include trading activities. In an economic perspective, it is responsible for the movement of goods which in most cases becomes free within the member states. It also handles issues of labour and capital amo0ng countries that want to boost their economic growth in other places not only among the integrated community but also in other parts of the world. The EU has however grown to become an economic logic drive that is driven by the political desire to counter Asian and American competitive nature of businesses. (Hilbert, 2004) Whenever the term free trade in mentioned, many things come into the mind of the listener. The first thing is apparently conducting of trade without barriers. That is precisely what happens in free trade areas/associations. In the past developed free trade associations, all barriers to the trade of goods and services among the countries that are party to the agreement are completely done away with and a conducive environment, for carrying out business is upheld. In theory, free trade area will have things like; subsidies, custom duties, tariffs, administrative encumbrance or even quotas removed. In most cases, the countries are given the freedom to retain individual policies when talking about non-members. The most common types of free trade associations are the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which was established in 1960 and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (P. de Vries, 2002) Previous research has shown that there are many theoretical and empirical effects of free trade. This is according to the economists who have been able to study free trade in relation to regional integration and its economic, social and political implications on the countries. One aspect is that there is creation of losers and winners. In a survey that was carried out in the year 2006, it shows that 87. 5 percent of economists concurred that United States as a nation has to eliminate any barriers of trade that are still existing including tariffs and other factors in order to have other nations within the Latin America regional to support their economic quest for businesses. (Temple, 1999) Advantages of regional integration Collective bargaining power in the trade fora is the major benefit for regional integration. The European Union since its inception has been able to have a stronger bargaining power on most of the trading agreements and foreign direct investments. There have been instances where the U. S dominated the trade talks and trade policies in Europe especially when it dealt with only one country such as France. This makes it very difficult for that country to handle the economic problems that might arise. When the region comes together, even countries such as the UK need to think twice while drafting laws whether against or for the whole region. Some products that are made in the U. S. ave been denied access into the European Union markets because of some logistical issues affecting the two trading partners. (Levine, 1992) There is improved geopolitics among the participating countries. Like-minded countries can come together and assist other countries with fragile democracies, narrow global markets and limited opportunities to come t a level playing filed in the world economy. This will probably encourage development in addition to better and safe networks in the area. Political disbarment, conflict resolution and peace brokering is a key benefit of regional cooperation. Taking into contemplation the fact that there is free movement of people and goods, the poor will tend to benefit enormously from better services and products i. e. a wide variety to choose from. A non-economic gain such as security is also a major factor that regional integration is able to bring forth to the partner states. It has been possible for the European Union to talk in one voice against many issues such as the fight against terrorism. (Lain, 2006) Larger markets are developed as a result of regional integration. Trade has become increasingly global in some scope today and there are reasons for this. One is the advancement in technology including communication efficiency and modernization where people are migrating to live in areas where they feel they are comfortable. Increasingly, rapid technology lifecycles has increased competition among countries as to who can produce the best in the market hence the need to employ competitive marketing and business strategies which includes economic and monetary integration. When two or more nations come together to trade, first, the market potential increases and there is huge customer base that will allow for the expansion of businesses. The EU for example is a huge market for African and American products that may not have been possible if they traded individually and not as a block. (P. de Vries, 2002) Strategic competitive advantage for most companies will be widened by the European Union. Taking for example the larger western European countries such as France and Germany will be able to absorb cheap raw products from Belgium and those who will benefit further will be the farmers. Sometimes countries such as the UK can provide better and sophisticated communication systems that will boost business expansion in less economic countries of the EU. In some cases, regional integration gives the countries that are involved get better gains through the free flow of trade in terms of investments especially beyond the jurisdictions of organizations such as the World Trade Organizations. (P. de Vries, 2002) Disadvantages It is difficult to coordinate activities of the member countries because of the fact that there are huge disparities within the member states within the EU. Macroeconomic instability occurs as a result of unbalanced nature of the countries with regard to natural resources and infrastructure. This is reflected on the one ‘nation’ intervention decisions on market factors such as custom duties, taxes and internal matters. This also manipulates itself in the form of governance. (Hilbert, 2004) Every nation has its own governance issues to deal with; party politics, corruption, security, economic crimes, among others. This will make it impossible for the regional integrating body to look into the desires of affiliate states. To some extent, some government have authoritarian styles of leadership that prevent free flow of goods, people, community integration, and other development issues. This is most cases results in scepticism among the associate countries. The US, after the cold war was very pessimistic about the way Latin America was planning to form a regional body that encompasses the south and northern countries. All these political problems catapults regional disintegration and promote conflicts which are not favourite business catalysts. (Abeman, 2006) Some countries might lose out on the actual benefits of the integration because of the way the policies and structures may be drafted. Some countries which are more developed than others would benefit more. Taking an example of the industries such as textiles where majority of the employees here are low cost workers who may end up losing their jobs because of a shift in business locations. It is a fact that companies move to locations where the labour is cheap and investment opportunities are higher. The European Union for example has integrated the European countries in one or another. But the problem comes in when the countries such as France and the U. K invest in countries such as Spain which are still believed to have a lower economic growth than themselves. (Donovan & Marlette, 2005) It is very difficult to synchronize all rules and constitutional necessities that every country is structurally required to have. With huge disparities concerning the way Germany and UK conduct their international business, there will be looming problem in future when the countries wanted to have bring their heads together. When the EU constitution was brought into a referendum, France literally rejected it. This shows that there EU union will not come to an agreement in almost all things. Every business is affected by economic factors. Fiscal policy rates, interest rate policy, currency exchange rates, consumer factors, etc. It is possible that the U. S locale of the economy dictates how the consumer behaves in the society. If an economy is booming, recessing or recovering, the confidence of the consumer will automatically change. In all these factors, the member countries will push for their own rates to be accepted by the others. (Lain, 2006) Vocational training for national protection especially on local industries that may not effectively compete with other multinationals. It is therefore a setback for the European Union to adequately address equity and fair trade issues among countries in a bid to harmonize the member states. s a matter of theory, the thing that vestiges to be an issue of concern is the fact that every country would want to have the lion’s share when it comes to sharing same currencies, trade rules and business partnerships. This will cause poor relationships among competing nations and it might result to break-ups. (Donovan & Marlette, 2005) When there is free trade countries are normally subjected to stiff competition. This means that a country’s prosperity can be affected which is quite risky. This makes many countries to strive to protect themselves against effects of free trade. This can be implemented by ensuring that there is imposition of taxes on foreign goods hence increasing their prices. When this is done, it means that the countries own producers are protected. Research shows that free trade exits in theory and not in practical. This is because many nations strive to protect their own industries. There are several ways through which many nations protect themselves from effects of free trade. There are some countries that limit the quantity of imported products (Lain, 2006)

EFFECTIVE BALANCED LITERACY PROGRAMS FOR ELLS

Balanced literacy is a model designed to assist all pupils learn to read and compose efficaciously. Teachers no longer hold to utilize either whole – linguistic communication programming instructional schemes based preponderantly on phonics. Alternatively, balanced literacy involves non merely whole – linguistic communication and phonics, but several different positions and attacks ( Tompkins, 2003 p.15 ) . The plan stands steadfastly on the premiss that all pupils can larn to read and compose. This balance between reading and composing allows pupils to have the instruction needed in order to make grade degree position, while leting pupils to work at an instructional degree that is non thwarting for them. Balanced Literacy is a theoretical account for learning kids in a child-centered schoolroom, supplying many chances for existent life reading and composing experiences. It is originally based on the New Zealand Model for Literacy and Reading Recovery literacy theoretical accounts authored Marie Clay ( 1885 ) , studied and broadened by Irene Fountas, and Gay Su Pennell ( 1999 ) . Children read and write each twenty-four hours independently and in group scenes ( both big and little ) . Balanced Literacy schoolrooms focus on four different types of reading experiences: a ) reading aloud, B ) shared reading – whole category, degree Celsius ) guided reading – little group, and vitamin D ) independent reading. Students besides participate in day-to-day authorship activities that coincide with their reading experiences. The four types of authorship experiences are: a ) shared composing – whole category, B ) interactive composing – whole category or little group, degree Celsius ) composing workshop – little or single, and vitamin D ) independent composing. Additionally, during many day-to-day reading and composing experiences, kids are taught about letters, sounds, words and how they work. Listening and talking are besides emphasized in this incorporate linguistic communication attack. All literacy direction and assignments are prepared utilizing appropriate methodological analysiss that allow instructors to guarantee fidelity of academic content criterions every bit good as linguistic communication aims for Language Arts Instruction. Surveies agree that balanced literacy should besides embrace phonics, including complete phonemic consciousness, along with vocabulary acquisition, reading eloquence and comprehension. Harmonizing to Froehlich ( 2009 ) , instructors implementing Balanced Literacy use an incorporate attack to learning linguistic communication humanistic disciplines. Balanced Literacy consists of a figure of elements that provide an copiousness of reading and composing on a day-to-day footing and are frequently implemented utilizing cross-curricular methodological analysis. These reliable chances for reading and composing are arranged on a continuum based on more or less teacher support. Some reading and authorship undertakings are modeled by the instructors and others are accomplished with the support of the instructor, taking to a few that are done independently by the kid. Not merely does balanced literacy encourage and increase kids ‘s reading and composing accomplishments, nevertheless, the primary aim is that pupils will larn to bask reading and authorship, therefore cultivating a deeper sense of the value of literacy. Harmonizing to Pressley ( 2001 ) , and was commissioned by the National Reading Conference, most reading plans in simple schools countrywide use a balanced attack to literacy, although due to be limitations, some instructors in smaller communities may hold small or no entree to published literacy scheduling. Reading Recovery/ Descubriendo La Lectura Harmonizing to Clay ( 1993 ) , Reading Recovery is an early intercession plan for first twelvemonth reading direction that focuses on tutoring the lowest 20 per centum of fighting readers. Reading Recovery is comprised of phonemic consciousness, phonics, vocabulary, eloquence, comprehension, composing, unwritten linguistic communication, motive, and independency instructional constituents. Phonicss, phonemic consciousness, vocabulary, eloquence, comprehension, authorship, and unwritten linguistic communication are indispensable for favourable literacy results. The Reading Recovery plan consists of day-to-day 30 minute lessons by a instructor trained in the technique. The plan includes reading known narratives, reading a narrative that was read the twenty-four hours before, composing a narrative, reading with sentence strips, reading new narratives, and appraisal. Assessment is an of import characteristic of this plan. Ashdown and Simic ( 2007 ) found assorted consequences when analyzing limited English proficient pupils utilizing Reading Recovery plan as a intercession. Ashdown and Simic ( 2007 ) found that pupils with limited English proficiency that used Rea ding Recovery for over six months did score higher on achievement appraisals. Descubriendo La Lectura ( DLL ) is merely the Spanish version of Reading Recovery and consists of the same instructional constituents and day-to-day lessons ( Chueng and Slavin, 2005 ) . Merely one survey Descubriendo la Lectura of was conclusive for effectual literacy patterns. Other surveies reviewed by Chueng and Slavin ( 2005 ) did non ensue in positive literacy consequences for pupils whose L1 was Spanish. Overall, as a consequence of these surveies, one can infer that Reading Recovery and Descubriendo la Lectura ( DLL ) may non be effectual balanced literacy plans for English linguistic communication scholars if merely implemented over a short sum of clip. Those pupils that used Reading Recovery and Descubriendo la Lectura ( DLL ) as an intercession for over several months had positive discernible results. Success for All Slavin and Madden ( 1999 ) studied the comprehensive reading plan Success for All and found it to be a structured and effectual course of study theoretical account for Kindergarten and First grade pupils. Success for All provides early literacy using direct reading comprehension direction, methodical phonics direction, concerted acquisition schemes every bit good as full support for instructors including considerable professional development. Success for All besides incorporates one-to-one tutoring for fighting pupils every bit good frequent pupil appraisals and grouping and regrouping by ability degree. Reading is specifically taught in one 90 minute block ( Slavin and Madden, 1999 ; Chueng and Slavin 2005 ) . For English linguistic communication scholars ( ELLs ) , Success or All has two instructional plans. Exito Para Todas is the Spanish bilingual theoretical account. This plan teaches reading to pupils in Spanish for classs one and two and in 3rd grade passages pupils to English-only direction ( Chueng and Slavin, 2005 ) . The other plan is an English linguistic communication development ( ELD ) method, which teaches pupils in English with a focal point on linked vocabulary from reading texts and extra supports ( Chueng and Slavin, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Chueng and Slavin, ( 2005 ) surveies in California and Texas utilizing Exito Para Todas demonstrated important trial mark differences on the Spanish Woodcock Assessments for Word Attack, Word Identification, and Passage Reading Comprehension for indiscriminately selected pupils utilizing the bilingual plan compared to pupils from schools that used other reading instructional methods. The overall average reading degree addition was.41 of one class degree for those kids utilizing Exito Para Todas. the Success for All plans were positive. Arizona, California, Pennsylvania, and Texas conducted similar surveies with Success for All ELD reading plan and harmonizing to Livingston and Flaherty ( 1997 ) the average reading degree increased by 0.37 of a grade degree. Cheung and Slavin ( 2005 ) further province that other researcher findings did non show pupil accomplishment as systematically for English linguistic communication scholars, nevertheless, most of the reappraisals rated both reading plans as effectual and positive. Educators are aware of the fact non every literacy plan will be successful for every pupil. Therefore, it is indispensable that instructors entree balanced literacy plans that engage pupil acquisition by implementing diverse methods that address larning manner penchants ( Thompkins, 2003 ) . Direct Direction Cheung and Slaving ( 2005 ) every bit good as Dahl and Freppon ( 1998 ) evaluated Direct Instruction ( DI ) with respect to effectual literacy direction for English linguistic communication scholars. Direct Instruction ( DI ) has been around for many old ages and is by and large implemented by the instructor for all pupils in the schoolroom and non purely limited specifically to English linguistic communication scholars. Direct Instruction ( DI ) provides extended phonics, paced reading direction, and frequent pupil appraisal. It was originally designed for fighting readers. Direct Instruction ( DI ) is a systematic attack and as with a comprehensive plan provides teacher support and preparation. It often used with pupils whose primary linguistic communication ( L1 ) is non English and is frequently incorporated into reading plans by big companies such as Harcort School Publishers. Studies show that it is non a balanced literacy plan as DI overemphasizes phonics direction and frequen tly this can be hard English linguistic communication scholars. However, Direct Direction can be a successful attack when several other reading methods and schemes are used in concurrence with it and it is used for over a two twelvemonth period ( Abott, Greenwood, and Kamps, 2007 ; Chueng and Slavin, 2005 ; Slavin and Madden, 1999 ) . Phonicss Plans Reasonably Phonics uses phonics as its cardinal reading foundation. Reasonably Phonics intercession dressed ores on pupils larning missive formation, missive sounds, blending, placing sounds in words, and spelling words. This plan did non show effectual and balanced literacy for English linguistic communication scholars and it is non extremely recommended for pupils with limited English proficiency. Libros is another literacy intercession plan developed for usage kindergarten categories. Teachers would direct place narratives in Spanish after they previewed and discussed the narrative exhaustively with their category. Parents were besides shown a picture of to promote parents to read with their kids every bit good as discuss the narrative with them. Students would have books in Spanish to take place and read with their parents. Results for pupils utilizing Libros for the full school twelvemonth, scored higher on missive and word idenfication, nevertheless, reading comprehension tonss were non as positive ( Chueng and Slavin ; 2005 ; Slavin and Madden, 1999 ) . One can reason that Libros focuses on phonics direction because the reading comprehension tonss did non demo a pronounced addition among English linguistic communication scholars. Besides, this plan appears to be slightly limited, because the cardinal thought is the books the pupils take place to read and pattern. This seems like a slightly auxiliary reading plan, alternatively of complete balanced literacy for English linguistic communication scholars. Decision After analyzing all of the research about the aforesaid reading plans for English linguistic communication scholars, I conclude that balanced literacy plans are reading intercession plans that resulted in more positive information among several different research workers. Obviously, Clay, Fountas, Pennell, and Slavin are some of most good known literacy research workers in the field. Besides, Slavin has updated his original reappraisal of effectual literacy plans from his first in 1999 to the most recent and comprehensive reappraisal of literacy plans in 2005. One concluding idea about balanced literacy plans, is teacher entree. I think it is It is critical that instructors have every bit much information about effectual balanced literacy plans for English linguistic communication scholars. Previously, I had entree to the literacy plan Success for All and I truly saw mensurable betterment among the pupils who were English linguistic communication scholars. Unfortunately, we do non utilize Success for All at the school where I presently teach. I do believe it is indispensable for instructors and decision makers to retrieve that while one plan may work for a specific pupil, it will non needfully increase literacy accomplishments for another. Educators need to be aware to integrate as many reading schemes as possible in their direction. I besides believe that concerted acquisition schemes will heighten any literacy plan and by utilizing concerted acquisition with reading plans, balance and success will better and bring forth favourable litera cy accomplishments. Another indispensable scheme for learning English linguistic communication scholars is seeking on Internet web sites such as Frohlich ‘s ( updated 2009 ) that has so many different balanced literacy learning AIDSs that can be downloaded and printed for instructors to use.

Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights

Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights The aurora borealis, also called the Northern Lights, is a multi-colored brilliant light show in the Earths atmosphere that is caused by the collision of gas particles in the Earths atmosphere with charged electrons from the suns atmosphere. The aurora borealis is most often viewed at high latitudes close to the magnetic north pole but during times of maximum activity, they can be viewed very far south of the Arctic Circle. Maximum auroral activity is rare however and the aurora borealis is normally only seen in or near the Arctic Circle in places like Alaska, Canada, and Norway. In addition to the aurora borealis in the northern hemisphere there is also the aurora australis, sometimes called the Southern Lights, in the southern hemisphere. The aurora australis is created the same way as the aurora borealis and it has the same appearance of dancing, colored lights in the sky. The best time to view the aurora australis is from March to September because the Antarctic Circle experiences the most darkness during this period. The aurora australis is not seen as often as the aurora borealis because they are more concentrated around Antarctica and the southern Indian Ocean. How the Aurora Borealis Works The aurora borealis is a beautiful and fascinating occurrence in the Earths atmosphere but its colorful patterns begin with the sun. It occurs when highly charged particles from the suns atmosphere move into the Earths atmosphere via the solar wind. For reference, the solar wind is a stream of electrons and protons made of plasma that flow away from the sun and into the solar system at around 560 miles per second (900 kilometers per second) (Qualitative Reasoning Group). As the solar wind and its charged particles enter the Earths atmosphere they are pulled toward the Earths poles by its magnetic force. While moving through the atmosphere the suns charged particles collide with the oxygen and nitrogen atoms found in the Earths atmosphere and the reaction of this collision forms the aurora borealis. The collisions between the atoms and charged particles occur around 20 to 200 miles (32 to 322 km) above the Earths surface and it is the altitude and type of atom involved in the collision that determines the color of the aurora (How Stuff Works). The following is a list of what causes the different auroral colors and it was obtained from How Stuff Works: Red - oxygen, over 150 miles (241 km) above the Earths surfaceGreen - oxygen, up to 150 miles (241 km) above the Earths surfacePurple/violet - nitrogen, over 60 miles (96 km) above the Earths surfaceBlue - nitrogen, up to 60 miles (96 km) above the Earths surface According to the Northern Lights Centre, green is the most common color for the aurora borealis, while red is the least common. In addition to the lights being these various colors, they also appear to flow, form various shapes and dance in the sky. This is because the collisions between the atoms and the charged particles are constantly shifting along the magnetic currents of the Earths atmosphere and the reactions of these collisions follow the currents. Predicting the Aurora Borealis Today modern technology allows scientists to predict the strength of the aurora borealis because they can monitor the strength of the solar wind. If the solar wind is strong auroral activity will be high because more charged particles from the suns atmosphere will move into the Earths atmosphere and react with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Higher auroral activity means that the aurora borealis can be seen over larger areas of the Earths surface. Predictions for the aurora borealis are shown as daily forecasts similar to weather. An interesting forecasting center is provided by the University of Alaska, Fairbanks Geophysical Institute. These forecasts predict the most active locations for the aurora borealis for a specific time and give a range showing the strength of auroral activity. The range begins at 0 which is minimal auroral activity that is only viewed at latitudes above the Arctic Circle. This range ends at 9 which is maximum auroral activity and during these rare times, the aurora borealis can be seen at latitudes much lower than the Arctic Circle. The peak of auroral activity typically follows an eleven-year sunspot cycle. During times of sunspots, the sun has very intense magnetic activity and the solar wind is very strong. As a result, the aurora borealis is also normally very strong at these times. According to this cycle, the peaks for auroral activity should occur in 2013 and 2024. Winter is usually the best time to view the aurora borealis because there are long periods of darkness above the Arctic Circle as well as many clear nights. For those interested in viewing the aurora borealis there are some places that are best for viewing them frequently because they offer long periods of darkness during the winter, clear skies and low light pollution. These locations include places like Denali National Park in Alaska, Yellowknife in Canadas Northwest Territories and Tromsà ¸, Norway. Importance of the Aurora Borealis The aurora borealis has been written about and studied for as long as people have been living in and exploring the polar regions and as such, they have been important to people since ancient times and possibly earlier. For example, many ancient myths talk about the mysterious lights in the sky and some medieval civilizations feared them as they believed that lights were a sign of impending war and/or famine. Other civilizations believed the aurora borealis was the spirit of their people, great hunters and animals like salmon, deer, seals, and whales (Northern Lights Centre). Today the aurora borealis is recognized as an important natural phenomenon and every winter people venture into northern latitudes to watch it and some scientists devote much of their time to studying it. The aurora borealis is also considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave

The History and Archaeology of Chauvet Cave Chauvet Cave (also known as  Chauvet-Pont dArc) is currently the oldest known rock art site in the world, apparently dating to the Aurignacian period in France, about 30,000-32,000 years ago. The cave is located in the Pont-dArc Valley of Ardà ¨che, France, at the entrance of the Ardà ¨che gorges between the Cevennes and Rhone valleys. It extends horizontally for nearly 500 meters (~1,650 feet) into the earth and consists of two main rooms separated by a narrow hallway. Paintings at Chauvet Cave Over 420 paintings have been documented in the cave, including numerous realistic animals (reindeer, horses, aurochs, rhinoceros, bison, lions, cave bears among others), human handprints, and abstract dot paintings. The paintings in the front hall are primarily red, created with the liberal applications of red ochre, while the ones in the back hall are mainly black designs, drawn with charcoal. The paintings at Chauvet are highly realistic, which is unusual for this period in Paleolithic rock art. In one famous panel (a little bit is shown above) an entire pride of lions is illustrated, and the feeling of movement and power of the animals is tangible even in photographs of the cave taken in poor light and at low resolution. Archaeological Investigation The preservation in the cave is remarkable. Archaeological material in Chauvet caves deposits include thousands of animal bones, including the bones of at least 190 cave bears (Ursus spelaeus). The remains of hearths, an ivory spearhead, and a human footprint have all been identified within the caves deposits. Chauvet Cave was discovered in 1994 by Jean-Marie Chauvet; the relatively recent discovery of this remarkably intact cave painting site has allowed researchers to closely control the excavations using modern methods. In addition, the researchers have worked to protect the site and its contents. Since 1996, the site has been under investigation by an international team led by Jean Clottes, combining geology, hydrology, paleontology, and conservation studies; and, since that time, it has been closed to the public, to preserve its fragile beauty. Dating Chauvet The dating of Chauvet cave is based on 46 AMS radiocarbon dates taken on tiny pieces of paint from the walls, conventional radiocarbon dates on human and animal bone, and Uranium/Thorium dates on speleotherms (stalagmites). The deep age of the paintings and their realism has led in some circles to a scholarly revision of the notion of paleolithic cave art styles: since radiocarbon dates are a more recent technology than the bulk of cave art studies, codified cave art styles are based on stylistic changes. Using this measure, Chauvets art is closer to Solutrean or Magdalenian in age, at least 10,000 years later than the dates suggest. Paul Pettitt has questioned the dates, arguing that the radiocarbon dates within the cave are earlier than the paintings themselves, which he believes are Gravettian in style and date to no earlier than about 27,000 years ago. Additional radiocarbon dating of the cave bear population continues to support the original date of the cave: the bone dates all fall between 37,000 and 29,000 years old. Further, samples from a nearby cave support the idea that cave bears may have been extinct in the region by 29,000 years ago. That would mean that the paintings, which include cave bears, must be at least 29,000 years old. One possible explanation for the stylistic sophistication of Chauvets paintings is that perhaps there was another entrance to the cave, that allowed later artists access to the cave walls. A study of the geomorphology of the cave vicinity published in 2012 (Sadier and colleagues 2012), argues that the cliff overhanging the cave collapsed repeatedly beginning 29,000 years ago, and sealed the only entrance at least 21,000 years ago. No other cave access point has ever been identified, and given the morphology of the cave, none is likely to be found. These findings do not resolve the Aurignacian/Gravettian debate, although even at 21,000 years of age, Chauvet cave remains the oldest known cave painting site. Werner Herzog and Chauvet Cave In late 2010, film director Werner Herzog presented a documentary film of Chauvet Cave, shot in three-dimensions, at the Toronto film festival. The film, Cave of the Forgotten Dreams, premiered in limited movie houses in the United States on April 29, 2011. Sources Abadà ­a OM, and Morales MRG. 2007.  Thinking about style in the post-stylistic era: reconstructing the stylistic context of Chauvet.  Oxford Journal of Archaeology  26(2):109-125. Bahn PG. 1995. New developments in Pleistocene art.  Evolutionary Anthropology  4(6):204-215. Bocherens H, Drucker DG, Billiou D,  Geneste  J-M, and van der Plicht J. 2006.  Bears and humans in Chauvet Cave (Vallon-Pont-dArc, Ardà ¨che, France): Insights from stable isotopes and radiocarbon dating of bone collagen.  Journal of Human Evolution  50(3):370-376. Bon C, Berthonaud V, Fosse P, Gà ©ly B, Maksud F, Vitalis R, Philippe M, van der Plicht J, and Elalouf J-M.  Low Regional Diversity Of Late Cave Bears Mitochondrial  Ã‚  Journal of Archaeological Science  In Press, Accepted Manuscript.Dna  At The Time Of Chauvet Aurignacian Paintings. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The worlds oldest paintings, dating from around 31,000 BC.  Minerva  7(4):17-22. Clottes J, and Lewis-Williams D. 1996. Upper Palaeolithic cave art: French and South African collaboration.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  6(1):137-163. Feruglio V. 2006  De la faune au bestiaire - La grotte Chauvet-Pont-dArc, aux origines de lart parià ©tal palà ©olithique.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  5(1-2):213-222. Genty D, Ghaleb B, Plagnes V, Causse C, Valladas H, Blamart D, Massault M, Geneste J-M, and Clottes J. 2004.  Datations U/Th (TIMS) et 14C (AMS) des stalagmites de la grotte Chauvet (Ardà ¨che, France) : intà ©rà ªt pour la chronologie des à ©và ©nements naturels et anthropiques de la grotte.  Comptes Rendus Palevol  3(8):629-642. Marshall M. 2011.  Bear DNA hints at age of Chauvet cave art.  The New Scientist  210(2809):10-10. Sadier  B, Delannoy JJ, Benedetti L, Bourlà ©s DL, Stà ©phane J,  Geneste  J-M, Lebatard A-E, and Arnold M. 2012. Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early edition. Pettitt P. 2008.  Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art.  Journal of Human Evolution  55(5):908-917. Sadier  B, Delannoy JJ, Benedetti L, Bourlà ©s DL, Stà ©phane J,  Geneste  J-M, Lebatard A-E, and Arnold M. 2012.  Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early edition.

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare Shakespeares tragedies have some deeply moving death-quotes. His quotations on death bring tears rolling down the cheeks. The sadness in the quotes moves you so much that you feel as though you have experienced a great loss. Here is a page of some of Shakespeares most moving death quotes. A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act V, Sc. IThis passion, and the death of a dear  friend, would go near to make a man look sad.Hamlet, Act V, Sc. IIThis fell sergeant, death,Is strict in his arrest.Hamlet, Act II, Sc. IIThey are the abstract and brief chronicles of the time: after your death, you were better have a bad epitaph than their ill report while you live. Hamlet,  Act III, Sc. I For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. Julius Caesar, Act II, Sc. IICowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once.Julius Caesar,​ Act II, Sc. IIWhen beggars die, there are no comets seen;The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.King Henry IV. Part II, Act I, Sc. III were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with perpetual motion.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VTo-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,To the last syllable of recorded time;And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VIThose clamorous harbingers of blood and death.Othello, Act II, Sc. IIf after every tempest come such calms,May the winds blow till they have wakend death!The Merchant of Venice, Act IV, Sc. II am a tainted wether of the flock,Meetest for death: the weakest kind of fruitDrops earliest to the ground. Twelfth Night, Act III, Sc. IVOut of the jaws of death. Measure for Measure,   Act III, Sc. 1  If I must dieI will encounter darkness as a bride,And hug it in mine arms. Richard II, Act III, Sc. IIWoe, destruction, ruin, and decay;The worst is death, and death will have his day. Romeo and Juliet,  Act V, Sc. IIIEyes, look your last!Arms, take your last embrace! and lips, O youThe doors of breath, seal with a righteous kissA dateless bargain to engrossing death. Cymbeline,   Act IV, Sc. 2Golden lads and girls all must,As chimney-sweepers, come to dust. Henry VI, Part III, Act V, Sc. 2My sick heart showsThat I must yield my body to the earth,And, by my fall, the conquest to my foe.Thus yields the cedar to the axes edge,Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle;Under whose shade the ramping lion slept:Whose top-branch overpeerd Joves spreading tree,And kept low shrubs from winters powerful wind.

Managing Data Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Data Assignment - Essay Example In the task, we listened to a short BBC Radio 4 programme segment entitled ‘More or Less’. The show is a series about statistics. It discusses the use and abuse of statistics in modern applications. In the show modern media of news communications like; TV news, radio news and newspapers, are looked at by people. It majorly tackles statistics involved in these news communication media and after listening to the segment we were required to carry out a number of tasks. First was to listen to the segment attentively and make notes on information we got from it. It had no particular area where we had to make notes on, but we were required to put down anything important that we retained from the show. This was important since questions from the subject being talked about in the show would be asked. Taking enough and accurate points from the show was, therefore, important since it would determine how one performed on the questions asked after the show. At the end of the show, the class was presented with a couple of questions based on the subject on the segment. One was required to answer in accordance to what we heard and put down notes on from the show. The topic was on low energy light bulbs, and we were required to answer questions on the subject: By the end of the workshop, the student was to be able to precisely describe the construction of the table in full. Also, to outline why the table’s author combined discrete pieces of data found in the table. The student was to be able to explain why data collection was done in the first place and what the hypothesis being tested (Ras, 2009).The first task of the workshop was that we were required to form two or three groups depending on the class size. Then, in each of groups formed we select one student who would work on describing the tabular data. The other members of the group would

Cultural relativism (sociology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural relativism (sociology) - Essay Example Such relationships are popular in western world in terms of partner relationship and marriage but it is condemned in the eastern world. When we deal with people in or from cultures different from our own, not only prudence but also moral decency requires that we attend to these differences and consider them with care and sensitivity in light of the respect we owe the members of other cultures simply as human beings. It is a true doctrine relating to the sociology and anthropology of moral beliefs (What is Culture relativism). Differences in dress, diet, and social norms are readily apparent. Such diversity in terms of ethics and justice are also easily seen and apparently shaped by the culture in which we live. Proponents of cultural relativism believe this cultural diversity proves that culture alone is responsible for our morality (Culture relativism). Moral relativists say that what we perceive as moral convictions or conscience are the byproducts of culture. Moreover, to pass judgment on another culture would be ethnocentric. This strength, nevertheless, is also a major weakness. Cultural relativism excuses us from judging moral practices of another culture. Still, provide the feeling of being compelled to condemn such actions as the Holocaust or ethnic cleansing (Cultural Relativism).

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example Only a few databases can offer these services (ERIC, 2012). ERIC, however, has its own disadvantages. At times, research through ERIC can be time consuming. This is due to the large library of information that ERIC has to offer (ERIC, 2012). Hence, locating information can be tiresome. Another disadvantage of using ERIC is that there is a cost incurred in accessing the database. Even though, one pays for using ERIC, it still has a broad variety of data that cannot be accessed anywhere else. Locating and reading original articles rather than just using the abstract source is vital due to a number of reasons. The reasons are that: the original article has the original and full information. The original article is of higher standards than the abstract, and is up-to-date and complete. The original article represents the original information of what the article is about (ERIC, 2012). Unlike the information found on abstracts, which might just describe the original study, the original arti cle has full information of the topic matter without biasness. Also, in most cases, people find that original articles are of higher standards than the abstract. This is because the original article is examined for quality before it is published, unlike abstracts. Finally, original articles are always up-to-date. They comprise of the most recent information, unlike abstracts (ERIC, 2012). It is advantageous to start with secondary sources of information since these secondary sources are produced by individuals who have examined the primary source and enhanced its information. Secondary sources give assurance that the primary source is viable (ERIC, 2012). They also summarize the primary source so that on could know what is contained in the primary source. Some of the valuable traits of secondary sources are: secondary sources are gathered from diverse databases. They also provide a summary of primary sources (ERIC, 2012). Gathering information for secondary sources takes less time t han a primary source, and secondary sources provide a greater database of information. Secondary sources have quite a number of limitations as compared to primary sources. Some of these limitations are that the quality of the information is low, and information may be incomplete. Library holdings that are considered as primary sources are articles that offer first-hand testimonies, as well as direct evidence regarding a topic that is being investigated. These holdings are created by recorders or witnesses who experienced the event itself (ERIC, 2012). Library holdings that are primary sources refer to the sources that were created at the period of the event. They can, however, comprise of memoirs, autobiographies, or oral histories that were recorded later. Library holdings that are primary sources are distinguished by content, irrespective of whether they are available in original format, in digital format, in microfilm or published format. They can also be found in many libraries across the United States (ERIC, 2012). Articles differ in format, but in general have a reasonably similar scheme. They begin with a segment that looks at the background of the research, and a clarification of why the authors chose to do the research. It is followed by enlightenment of how the researchers did the experiment, and their results, plus conclusions. However, in order to assess a report and determine whether it is viable for the research, there are three ways of assessing an article to

Family violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Family violence - Essay Example Elders undergo different forms of abuse including physical, psychological, sexual, material abuse and at times they risk being neglected. These forms of abuse may result to physical, emotional or behavior injury to the victim. According to Wallace & Roberson (2013), the most serious and common type of elder abuse is psychological abuse (p. 297). This form of abuse involves inflictions of pain and distress mostly through non-verbal act, example humiliating, intimidating or isolating the elderly. In many occasions, the victims may deny this form of abuse although he/she may feel deprived of family support or rejections resulting to the victim believing there is no reason of continuing living. This may lead to depression, neurotic disorders, anxiety or even the psychoneurotic behavior. At times, elders can fall victims of caretakers who may act as predators or those caretakers who have mental disorders that make them abusive. If the elders value their independence and are in a position to handle their affairs, they should not accept any form of abuse, intimidation or exploitation from their caretakers. Instead, as written by Wallace & Roberson (2013) they should take reasonable measures to protect themselves by seeking advice and powers from the attorney (p. 299). There are some institutions that ensure that the elderly live with dignity and are free from any type of abuse or exploitation. This will ease the challenges that they face during their old age. Stalking is a behavior involving repeated unwanted communication in a way that would cause fear and stress in people. There are many types of stalkers each being complex because of the varying reasons and time. According to Wallace & Roberson (2013), the victims of stalking are usually harassed or threatened with contact ranging from making calls or visiting the victim (p. 371). Zamu et al. established a database that clearly explains the different categories of

Capital Budgeting Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Budgeting Process - Assignment Example The foremost reason for going public is to raise additional capital by issuing shares to the general investing public. This means other funding sources such as internally generated profits or financing through bank loans had been considered and set aside in favor of an IPO. Owners of private companies will now have to contend with the fact that they will lose some control by the issuance of new shares but they have other compensation in return for doing it such as new funds for expansion (new products and new markets), increased liquidity for the current shareholders by creating an active market for the stock to trade and change hands, the stock itself can become a valuable currency to fund new acquisitions (some mergers are made using company stock instead of cash payment), increase employee motivation through stock options to compensate good performance and in general enhance a companys reputation via a well-executed IPO process from start to end. Preparations are made long before the actual IPO itself and it involves three main participants: the issuing firm, the underwriter and the public. The initial public offering can become a difficult and contentious issue if not handled properly because of the conflicting claims and interests of the three main parties mentioned. An important factor that determines if an IPO is successful is correct timing. As they say, timing is everything, from setting an ideal price range that maximizes the funds that will be generated to the market's reception of the offering. If a decision had been made to go through with the IPO, there are two considerations to be made regarding correct timing: firstly is the stage of the firm's development.

It's Economics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

It's Economics - Assignment Example argument is that there will be an increase in the supply of the natural gas, this will lead to a decrease in the price in the long run, hence consumers will benefit. Thus making the gas fueled track cheaper to use (Taylor et al, p 261). From the Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve, as the prices of the crude oil drop, the firm will operate at an increasing output enjoying the economies of scale as the factors of production are still not fully utilized. This will continue up to the point indicated by the arrow, the minimum efficient scale (MES) where the Long-term Average Cost will start increasing and the operation at that level will lead to cost increasing faster than the output, hence having diseconomies of scale. The Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve for the gas prices will take longer than the one for oil in the economies of scale section as the prices of gas is assumed to drop further from the analysis of Park Company and hence the tractor company will enjoy increased output for a longer time. To maximize profit I will choose to use gas as its Long Run Average Cost LRACs curve stays within the economies of scale section a for long period thus increasing output and maximizing the profit. This is from the fact that the gas prices will drop for a quite longer time. The following information will help to ascertain which of the two theories is true, the world reserves of both the gas and the oil and the political status of the countries which produces them. Some countries may be unfriendly and thus punish the importing country and our company by hoarding the products or increasing the prices. The amount of the world reserves of the both the oil and the gas and which one will supply the demands for long time. The current and the likely future legislation which may favor the use of either of the two products, gas or the oil depending on the effect of on environment. The best strategy for the company is the one that increases the output at the least price

Capital Budgeting Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Budgeting Process - Assignment Example The foremost reason for going public is to raise additional capital by issuing shares to the general investing public. This means other funding sources such as internally generated profits or financing through bank loans had been considered and set aside in favor of an IPO. Owners of private companies will now have to contend with the fact that they will lose some control by the issuance of new shares but they have other compensation in return for doing it such as new funds for expansion (new products and new markets), increased liquidity for the current shareholders by creating an active market for the stock to trade and change hands, the stock itself can become a valuable currency to fund new acquisitions (some mergers are made using company stock instead of cash payment), increase employee motivation through stock options to compensate good performance and in general enhance a companys reputation via a well-executed IPO process from start to end. Preparations are made long before the actual IPO itself and it involves three main participants: the issuing firm, the underwriter and the public. The initial public offering can become a difficult and contentious issue if not handled properly because of the conflicting claims and interests of the three main parties mentioned. An important factor that determines if an IPO is successful is correct timing. As they say, timing is everything, from setting an ideal price range that maximizes the funds that will be generated to the market's reception of the offering. If a decision had been made to go through with the IPO, there are two considerations to be made regarding correct timing: firstly is the stage of the firm's development.

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX Assignment

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX - Assignment Example Strategic planning is a means of planning at present about the desired future of the company using the knowledge and information about the company today (Special Libraries Association, 2001, p.1). WRSX is a global advertising company, which has been successfully delivering good fortunes in the advertising industry for the past 8 years. Until recently, for about a year, the company had been underperforming below what it is capable of. Failure in strategic management is the primary reason behind this situation. A well-defined, effective strategic plan is the key to success of the company in the near future. This study shows the benefits involved in including internal analysis as a part of the strategic management process and how it can bring WRSX in the right track towards its sustainability and success, in this changing world. Typically, a strategic management process consists of four broad areas. They are: Environmental Scanning, Strategy Formulation, Evaluation and Control (Akhafaji , 2003, p. 6). All these four components are inter-related to each other. Effective strategic planning helps the company to remain focused and achieve the future goals and objectives successfully. Basically a strategic planning process has four main purposes.... The Resource Based View (RBV) approach to strategy management is a tool to identify the potential resources of a firm which can be utilized to achieve competitive advantage and can result in strong performance of the company in future (Barney, J & Penrose, E, 2011). Short-term competitive advantage created from use of available resources of WRSX productively can lead WRSX to sustaining that competitive advantage for a long term if these resources are not imitable or substitutable easily. WRSX needs to develop its resources into core competencies to create competitive advantage. For this VRIN model can be utilized. This model includes the following five attributes of resources: 1) Valuable, meaning the resources must be valuable to the company in creating the strategy, 2) Rare, meaning the resources must be scarcely available to others, in creating value to the company, 3) In-imitable, meaning it cannot be easily imitated, and 4) Non-substitutable, meaning that availability of substit utes are rare (Rothaermel, 2008, p.208-209). WRSX has always been known for creativity and innovation. These are the two key attributes which is very much valuable to the company. These can neither be imitated nor substituted because creations and innovations of WRSX are its own and developed by WRSX only. WRSX enjoys a core competency in developing creativity and is an absolute necessity for an advertising agency like WRSX to satisfy its customer requirements. This helps WRSX attaining competitive advantage over its rivals and must build on it and work for more and more creations and innovations and encourage it at all levels of the company. Development of strategic capabilities can also be a key to the success WRSX. The six

Socioeconomic Status Essay Example for Free

Socioeconomic Status Essay There are a lot of studies surrounding ones status and its effects on ones psychology. I will be discussing what a Socioeconomic Status is defined to be, certain test and effects it can have on ones psychological being and also how it effects you in certain settings. I will break this down in to parts beginning with how it is defined, then I will move on to the effects and tests, and lastly I will explain how it effects people in certain settings. Socioeconomic Status is mostly defined as a combined measurement of the work experience of an individual’s or their family’s economic and social state in relation to others based on their income, their education, and their current occupation. It is usually broken down into three categories such as High Socioeconomic Status, Middle Socioeconomic Status, and Low Socioeconomic Status. These categories are used to describe the three areas where an individual or family may fall. In studies it is show that those that fall into the Low SES (socioeconomic status) category tend to show signs of mental illnesses such as respiratory viruses, coronary disease, and schizophrenia. Certain work environments may cause these. As it comes to the mental health some say that the mental health issues may be the reason why they are in the social status they are in all together. There have been tests that have shown that Socioeconomic Status could be a cause or lead to the development of dementia. Those with Low SES have shown to be more associated with a higher prevalence of dementia. They also show an increase in psychiatric comorbidity and a worse baseline of cognitive functioning. These test were based off the data of 217 patients seen in an Inner City Memory Disorder Clinic. They were analyzed with respect on demographic status, clinical status and SES. The results showed that there was a wide variation in the samples examined with respect to most measures of SES. About one-third (36%) had a diagnosis of dementia at an average age of 66. 1.  There was a strong association between their age, the range of individual annual income, their education, medical comorbidity, and a diagnosis of dementia. The increase in age and medical comorbidity were shown to be the strongest factor. The tests concluded that increased age, low education, high medical comorbidity and a low annual income are all associated with a diagnosis of dementia in an inner city setting. There are also other studies such as the socioeconomic status and its effect on health and the exposure and vulnerability to daily stressors. The study examines interconnections among education as an alternate for socioeconomic status-stress, and physical and mental health by being specific about differential exposure and vulnerability models using data according to The National Study of Daily Experiences. The daily diary data allowed assessment of the social distribution of a quantity of different types of stressors than had before been studied in sociological stress research of daily stressors. The data also allowed a less biased assessment of stress exposure and a more micro-level examination of the connections between stress and health by socioeconomic status. Consistent with the literature describing socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental health, the results of this study indicated that on any day, the adults who were better educated reported fewer physical symptoms and less psychological distress. Even so that better-educated individuals reported more daily stressors, those with less of an education reported that stressors were more severe. Neither of the factors explained any socioeconomic differences in daily health, but the results clearly shown that the stressor-health association can’t be considered independent of socioeconomic status. Another study would be the study of the use of resources in hospitals and how your socioeconomic status affects the amount of use dubbing the title â€Å"Do the poor cost more? † In this study it pertains to the controversy about whether the poor hospitalized patients use more resources and whether ospitals that give care to the poor award payment help under a certain payment system. It has been reported that the patients with a low socioeconomic status with connective tissue disease tend to stay longer in the hospital and had higher cost to take care of rather than the patients of high socioeconomic status. In 1987, 16,908 out of 20,278 (83%) adult patients were interviewed consecutively in 5 Massachusetts hospitals to obtain information on the three measures of socioe conomic status I mentioned earlier. They divided each measure into three strata, creating 15 comparisons. After excluding and adjusting the findings were that the patients of the lower socioeconomic status had stayed 3 to 30 percent longer than those of high status. The hospitals charges were 1 to 18 percent high for the patients of a lower status. When adjusted for age and how severe the illness was the results showed that those patients of the lower socioeconomic status had longer stays in 14 of 14 comparisons and higher charges 13 to 15 in comparison. The findings suggest that the patients of lower socioeconomic status have longer stays and require more of the hospitals resources. Over the few studies I have covered its seems as if the socioeconomic status of an individual or family plays out in many ways in life. Those of the lower status seem to have more health problems and financial issues as well. So being said that socioeconomic status affects your health physically and mentally, as well as effects the financial struggle your set with. Those of a higher status are able to take more care of themselves so they tend to have fewer issues unlike those of the lower socioeconomic status. It affects a large percentage of the world. A majority of the world population is affected by a low socioeconomic status creative more vulnerability to diseases creating more stay time in hospitals and costing themselves more in the long run. As well as adding other studies to the many different effects of ones socioeconomic status producing results both positive and negative based on whether you are of lower status or a higher status.

HAWT Technology Research

HAWT Technology Research Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT), are the most commonly used wind turbine.HAWTs have a similar design to a windmill, with blades that look like a propeller, spinning around a horizontal axis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 1 Typical HAWT All the components (blades, shaft, gearbox, generator) are located at the top of the tower. The blades must face into the wind and yaw into position every time the wind direction changes. The shaft axis is horizontal to the ground. The wind hits the blades of the turbine where lift causes rotation. The shaft has a gear on the end coupled to a gearbox which turns a generator. The generator produces electricity and sends this either to power grid or electrical equipment requiring power. The wind turbine also has some key elements that adds to its efficiency. Inside the Nacelle (or head) is an anemometer, wind vane, and controller that read the speed and direction of the wind. As the wind changes direction, a motor (yaw motor) turns the nacelle so the blades are always facing the wind. The power source also comes with a safety feature. In case of extreme winds the turbine has a break that can slow the shaft speed. This is to inhibit any damage to the turbine in extreme conditions. See F igure 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 2 Internal components of a typical HAWT The merits of horizontal axis wind turbine over vertical axis wind turbine can be seen in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table1 Benefits of HAWTs vs VAWT HAWT VS VAWT NO POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY HORIZONTAL AXIS VERTICAL AXIS 1 POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY 50% 60% ABOVE 70% 2 ROTATING SPEED HIGH LOW 3 EFFECT ON BIRDS GREAT SMALL 4 GEAR BOX ABOVE 10KW: YES NO 5 BLADE ROTATION SPACE QUITE LARGE QUITE SMALL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 NOISE 5-60 Db 0-10 Db 7 STARTING WIND SPEED HIGH(2.5-5m/s) LOW (1.5-3 m/s)   Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade The blade is one of the most important components of a wind turbine. It is required to have the best materials, manufacturing, analysis and testing to endure aerodynamic loads, gravitational loads, inertia loads and operational loads throughout its lifetime. Therefore, the structural design process has a decisive and critical influence on the overall performance of the blade. The structural design of a HAWT blade involves many considerations such as strength, stability, cyclic loading, cost and vibration. Reducing the mass is a key requirement for a successful blade design. A lighter blade will not only exert lower loads on the remaining components of the HAWT, but also reduce the cost. This is a benefit to the entire turbine system, including the support body and the foundation. However, the recent approach results in material layup with high component thicknesses. Blade mass as a result often does not exhibit a satisfactory structural response. There is huge potential to reduce the amount of material used in the blades manufacture to minimise its mass. The process of structural blade optimisation to reduce mass and increase its mechanical properties is an important area of development worthy of in-depth research. Table 1 details various HAWTs and their rotor weights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table 2 Selection of turbine size and weight configurations Turbine Name Pitch or Stall Rotar dia (m) No of Blades Nacelle and Rotor Weight (kg) Weight per Swept Area (kg/m ²) Mitsubishi MWT-1000 (1 MW) P 57 3 unspecified Nordex N90 (2.3 MW) P 90 3 84,500 13.3 Nordex N80 (2.5 MW) P 80 3 80,500 16 Repower 5M (5 MW Siemens P 126 3 unspecified SWT-3.6-107 (3.6 MW) Siemens P 107 3 220,000 24.5 SWT-2.3-93 (2.3 MW P 93 3 142,000 20.9 Gamesa G90-2MW (2 MW P 90 3 106,000 16.7 Gamesa G58-850 (850 kW) P 58 3 35,000 13.3 Enercon E82 (2 MW) P 82 3 unspecified GE wind 3.6sl (3.6 MW) P 111 3 unspecified Vestas V164 (7.0 MW) P 164 3 unspecified Vestas V90 (2 MW) P 90 3 106,000 16.7 Vestas V82 (1.65 MW) P 82 3 95,000 18 Advantages of HAWT over VAWT Axis of Rotation It is the main and biggest difference. As the name states, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine has its axis of rotation parallel to the ground and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine has its axis of rotation perpendicular to ground. Number of blades working at a time If we take a 3-bladed wind turbine for example, then in a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine, all three blades work at once. whilst in a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine only blade works at a time. Working wind direction VAWTs are omni directional and work in all wind directions while HAWTs only works in a specific wind direction and have to yaw to face the wind before they can begin operation. When wind direction changes the stops, and has to yaw into position. Efficiency at a given wind speed Because all the blade of HAWT work at the same time, its efficiency is much greater than the VAWT. REFERENCES Peter J. Schubel * and Richard J. Crossley Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Veritas, D.N. Design and Manufacture of Wind Turbine Blades, Offshore and Onshore Turbines; Standard DNV-DS-J102; Det Norske Veritas: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2010. Dolcera.com(online)

The Burden in The Things They Carried by OBrien Essay -- Things The

The Burden in The Things They Carried by O'Brien   In "The Things They Carried," O'Brien made reference to the Vietnam war that was closely associated with the physical, psychological, and emotional weight the soldiers beared.   The overall method of presentation of this story incorporated many different outlooks on the things the soldiers carried, dealt with, and were forced to adapt to.   In addition to this, O'Brien showed us the many reasons why and how the soldiers posessed these things individually and collectively and how they were associated directly and indirectly.   The strong historical content in "The Things They Carried" helped emphasize the focus of the story and establish a clearer understanding of details in the narrative and moods of the war itself.   From this, we are able to draw conclusions and assumptions to the events as it relates to the Vietnam war.   Three areas that "The Things They Carried" established and elaborated were the youthfulness of the Vietnam soldiers, their language and thought pattern s, and the actual tangible and intangible things they carried.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During Vietnam, soldiers were selected to be bought in to fight by draft.   Many families lost their youth through this process that would immediately force young boys to leave home and train for war.   I found an intriguing website that will tell you according to your birthdate, if you would or would not have been drafted during that time period. (Go)   In O'Brien's narrative, he portrays the soldiers as being young.   In the opening of the story, we immediately see a young man, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who is deeply in love with a college girl.   On page 13, we find out that he is only twenty-four.   Throughout the story we find many hin... ...page 15, O'Brien describes that the men carried the whole atmosphere.   On page 15, we are made aware that they carried diseases, parasites, infections and many other ailments.   Page 15 elaborates on how the soldiers carried the land itself.   They carried ghosts, their lives, eachother, pressures, and often the burden of just being alive as explained on page 19.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Things They Carried"   helped recognize particular aspects of the war as it associated with the soldiers and their lives individually and collectively.   Through his story, O'Brien described the overall mood of the war and the soldiers involved.   "The Things They Carried" posed many aspects and angles of the burdens the soldiers packed during throughout the war as well as the emotional stress that was associated along with it. O?Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. NY: Broadway Books, 1998.

How Does Drug Abuse Affect Personal Development of Hong Kong Teenagers? Essay

Liberal Studies: Independent Enquiry Studies Enquiry theme: How does drug abuse affect personal development of Hong Kong teenagers? 1. Introduction I am interested in the topic of drug abuse since I first study the bad effects of drug abuse. However, the reason I chose drug abuse as my enquiry topic because a new that I recently read .It showed a very dangerous trend appears in Hong Kong which is more and more teenagers try to abuse drugs. It also found that drug abuse would cause great damage towards the personal development of teenagers. As I am very worry about this issue so I developed interest on the issue of teenage drug abuse. I also found that the age of teenager who abuse drugs become younger and younger. 1From the statistic done in 2009 shows that there were 8,916 drug users reported in the first six months of the year, which is 1.7% more than the same period in 2008. The number of drug users under 21 years old rose from 2,106 to 2,175. This information shows the urgency to pay attention to the problem. If we do not pay attention to the issue of teenage drug abuse, many teenagers will suffer greatly from drug abuse. Furthermore, I had also done an interview with a social worker, Miss Fung. I have a more clear understanding towards the reasons that cause teenagers to abuse drugs. I think it is very important to consider the reasons of teenage drug abuse .We can try to prevent teenager drug abuse only when we know why they try to abuse drugs. Furthermore, we also need to consider the bad effects of teenage drug abuse towards their personal development so that teenagers could understand the seriousness of drug abuse. This is also an effective ways in preventing teenage from abusing drugs. 1 Teen Drug Use Increasing in Hong Kong Posted on September 8, 2009 http://www.teendrugabuse.org/drugs-abused/teen-drug-use-increasing-in-hong-kong 3 2. Objectives 1. 2. To find out reasons that teenagers try to abuse drugs To find out whether the problem of teenage drug abuse is serious among Hong Kong teenagers? 3. 4. To see the effect of abusing drugs towards teenagers’ personal development. To give some suggestion on how to prevent teenagers drug abuse. Focus Questions 1. What is meant by drug abuse? 2. Are Hong Kong teenagers abuse drugs is a common phenomenon in the society? 3. What are the reasons that drive the Hong Kong teenagers to abuse drugs? 4. What are the bad effects causes by drugs abusing towards the teenagers’ personal development? 5. How can the society help to prevent teenage drug abuse? 4 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire The target interviewees are teenagers aged between 12 to 21 years old. There are 43 respondents for the questionnaire. This questionnaire was set in English. The questionnaire is an online interview which designed in the form of multiple choice or some ranking questions to find out the reasons that drive teenagers to abuse drugs and the negative impacts brought by drug abuse, and the effectiveness of some preventive measures towards teenage drug abuse. The questionnaire is divided into 4 parts. Part 1 asked for the personal information about the interviewees, part 2 asks for the cause of teenage drug abuse, part 3 asks for the bad impacts brought by drug abuse and part 4 asks for the effectiveness of some preventive methods in preventing teenage drug abuse. 3.2 Interview The data collection process also includes an interview with a teenage social worker who had worked as a teenage social worker for 6 years. During the interview, a series of questions about teenage drug abuse were being asked  in order to collect data for the research. For example, in your point of view, what are the main causes that drive teenagers to abuse drugs? 3.3 Limitations There are some questions in the questionnaire are used to decide the effectiveness of some preventive measures towards teenage drug abuse. Therefore, it is a bit difficult for the respondents may found that it is difficult to answer these questions the questions. However, it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of these preventive measures so as to conclude some effective preventive measures in preventing teenage drug abuse. Also, there were only 43 respondents to answer the questionnaire so the data collected may not able to represents the general condition of teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong. Moreover, the main cause of teenage drug abuse and the bad effects of teenage drugs could be 5 finding out in the questionnaire. 4. Literature Review The problem of drug abuse of Hong Kong teenagers became a very hot topic among the society. There are also some figures shows that there are increasing trend of Hong Kong teenagers abuse drugs and there are many surveys show that teenage drug abuse would caused many bad effects towards their growth and development. I would give a brief analysis based on the following articles. The article â€Å"Teen drug use in Hong Kong† shows that there is an increasing number of teenage drug abuser in Hong Kong. At the same time, the age of drug abusers become much younger than the previous years. The statistic shows that there were 8,916 drug users reported in the first six months of 2009, 1.7% more than the same period last year. The number of drug users under 21 years old rose from 2,106 to 2,175.Most importantly, the drug users aged 12 to 15, the number of which has grown 25% from 204 to 256. This shows that there is an urgent need to take action to stop and prevent teenagers in Hong Kong to abuse drugs. On the other hand, the article â€Å"Problems arising from drug abuse† by Valerie Belew studied the problems caused by drug abuse. It studied is not just focus on the problem s caused by drug abuse towards teenagers but it studied the problems as a  whole. The problems caused by drug abuse would also happen in adult. It pointed out the seriousness of drug abuse towards once personal development. The articles divided the problems arise from drug abuse into 5 aspects, addiction as Brain dysfunction, developmental problems, physical disease, family problems and financial problems. The article is useful I providing a detailed information about the bad effects caused by drug abuse. Although the problems caused by drug abuse discussed in the article are not addressed to teenagers, the information can also be applied to the negative impacts of teenage drug abuse towards their personal development. 6 5. Findings and Analysis 5.1 General information of the questionnaire I posted the questionnaire in the website (www.my3q.com) on 12/4/2010. There are totally 43 respondents answered the questions. 5.2 Definition of drug abuse Definition provided by respondents Misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs No of respondents 3 5 A maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent Intake of illegal drugs Over intake of certain drugs which lead to addiction 10 25 Table 1 According to table 1, different respondents have different opinion onto the definition of drug abuse. These definitions given by respondents are correct. This shows that most of the Hong Kong teenagers have a brief understanding towards the meaning of drug abuse. However, their concept of drug abuse is not clear enough. The most comprehensive definition of drug abuse is a 2compulsive, excessive, and self-damaging use of habit forming drugs or substances, leading to addiction or dependence, serious  physiological injury (such as damage to kidneys, liver, heart) and or psychological harm (such as dysfunctional behavior patterns, hallucinations, memory loss), or death. It also called substance abuse. Therefore, the definitions given by the respondents are very similar the most comprehensive definitions. This shows that teenagers understand the meaning of drug 2 Drug abuse http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drug-abuse.html 7 abuse. 5.3 The universality of the problem of teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? 16% Yes No 84% Chart 1 From the above data, 16 % (7/43))of respondents think that the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong while there are 84% (36/43) of respondents believe that the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong. It shows that most of the respondents think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong. 8 5.4 Reasons that cause teenage drug abuse What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 34 27 20 12 6 5 Peer influence Seeking for excitement Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others Chart 2 5.4.1 Peer influence According to Chart 2, the main reasons that cause the respondents to abuse drugs is â€Å"Peer influence †, where 36 respondents had chosen this item. Peer is a very influential group among teenagers. 3As teenagers usually spend a large amount of times with their peers so peers will play a very influential role in teenagers’ live. The credibility, authority, power, and influence of peers are greater during adolescence than at any other time in life. Therefore, teenagers will seek for acceptance and belonging to their peer groups. In this way, teenagers are more likely to abuse drugs if their peers had abuse drugs so as to gain peer recognition. Also, teenagers would feel it is difficult to refuse the requests by their peers. As they worried they would be isolated by their peers if they refused their requests so they would usually take the requests 3 Peer Influence – Development Of Peer Influence, Negative Peer Influence, Positive Peer Influence, Family Relationships And Peer Influence – JRank  Articles http://family.jrank.org/pages/1265/Peer-Influence.html#ixzz1aI7t6nxU 9 f their peers. Even though they know that abusing drugs is bad for their health, they would still follow their peers to abuse drugs. Teenagers would feel more save if they follow the manners of their peers. Therefore, they would follow the manners of their peers like abusing drugs if their peers ask them to do so. 5.4.2 Seeking for excitement Seeking for excitement is also a very important reason that cause teenagers abuse drugs. There are 27 respondents think that â€Å"seeking for excitement† is the main reasons that cause teenage drug abuse. In fact, seeking for excitement is a very common characteristic among teenagers. As teenagers usually focus on studies in their age and they may feel bored of studying. Thus they would like to seek for some excitement in order to make their live more â€Å"interesting†. Some kind of drugs may cause some side effects like a sense of excitement after in taking them. Therefore, some teenagers would like to take these drugs in order to gain a sense of excitement. 5.4.3 Escaping from sadness According to chart2, there are 20 respondents think that â€Å"escaping from sadness† is an important reason that cause teenagers abuse drugs. Teenagers are not mature enough in their age so they easily develop an idea of escaping from the reality when they faced difficulties. People may have hallucination or they may lose their senses after they took drugs. Therefore, some teenagers would like to take drugs so as to forget their sadness and enjoy the hyper feeling brought by taking drugs. Thus, these teenagers abuse drugs in order to escape from their sadness in reality. 5.4.4 Others All of the respondents chosen others believe that the main reason that causes drug abuse is curiosity. Teenagers usually feel very curious about different things that they have not tried before. At the same time, many adults emphasis that drug abuse would cause great harm towards their personal 10 development. Hence, teenagers would be more curious about drug abuse so they would try to abuse drugs due to curiosity. 5.5 Bad effects brought by abusing drugs Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? 0% Yes No 100% Chart 3 Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 17 10 17 10 25 20 14 17 39 11 Chart 4 According to Chart 3, all of the 43 respondents believe that drug abuse will bring some negative effects towards the society. Drug abuse would cause great damage towards health of the drug addicts. Thus, these drug addicts may not able to continue with their work or affect their performance in working after they abuse drugs. This will defiantly reduce the productivity of Hong Kong. Furthermore, drug abuse will cause great damage towards the health of drug addicts. Then, they need to visit the doctors frequently to receive medical treatment. This would place a heavy burden of medical services in Hong Kong. It will also increase the medical expenditure which may reduce the expenditure spend o other development. Therefore, it will slow down economic development. On the other hand, drug addicts are not able to control themselves due to the side effects of drugs. Thus, they may perform some dangerous behavior after they take drugs like crossing the road without considering the condition of pavement. This will increase the risk of accidents. It is also very dangerous if these drug addicts to drive cars after abusing drugs. This could also increase the risk of car accidents which place a serious threat towards the security system of Hong Kong. Therefore, drug abuse would definitely ring lots of negative impacts towards the society. On the other hand, according to chart 4, 39 respondents think that drug abuse would lead to addiction. Drug addiction is a dependence on illegal drugs or medications. Once people had tried taking drugs, they could hardly resist the temptation of taking drugs again and again. 4Actually, drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful 4 Understanding of drug abuse and drug addiction http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/understand.html 12 consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her. Although the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, the brain changes that occur over time challenge a person’s self control and ability to resist intense impulses urging them to take drugs. Once they stop in taking drugs, the side effects of taking these drugs like irritability and disorientation would appear more frequently which would cause great pain onto the drug addicts. If teenage drug addicts become addict onto drugs, this would not just cause damage to their health. As these teenage drug addicts also has to frequently in take drugs if they addicted onto drugs. Moreover, the cost of drugs is really expansive so it will place a very heavy economic burden towards these teenage drug addicts. Also, if they are addicted into drugs, they will put their full attention onto drugs. Then they would not able to concentrate onto their studies when they addicted  onto drugs. Therefore, addiction onto drugs would badly affect the personal growth and development. Furthermore, there are 25 of respondents think that drug abuse would cause waning of memory. People would hardly remember things. They would be very forgetful. Drug addicts who suffered from this side effects caused by abusing drugs could never be recovered. It is because the reason that people become forgetful after abusing drugs is due to the damage of some tissues and cell in the brain. The drugs that in took by drug addicts would damage their brain cells or tissues which cause the loss of memory. Therefore, people could hardly remember things in this situation. This would greatly affect the daily activities of the drug addicts. They could hardly finish their work when they suffered from this side effect. If teenagers in take these drugs and develop this side effects, this would badly affect their studies. The worst case is that these teenage drug addicts could not continue with their studies. Therefore, waning of memory is a long term effects onto the drug addicts which are not able to recover forever. Thus, this would also cause serious bad effects onto their future career. Therefore, waning of memory is really a serious negative effect of drug abuse which would badly affect the personal growth and development of teenagers. 13 In addition, there is 20 respondents chose â€Å"depression† as one of the bad effects of drug abuse. Actually, certain drugs may contribute to the etiology of depressive symptoms and depressive disorders. Drug addicts would easily feel depressed after they took these drugs. Also, when the hyper feeling brought by the drugs passed, drug addicts would feel much depressed. It is because they need to be back to the reality which may have many difficulties. The drug addicts may cause depression in when they were back to the cruel reality. If teenage drug addicts frequently feel depressed, they may easily choose other ways to help them to solve this problem which is suicide. As teenagers is not mature enough in handling depression, so they would easily come up the idea of suicide in order to help them to escape from sadness. Therefore, depression would cause serious bad effects onto the personal growth and development of teenagers. 5.6 Methods of prevention of teenage drug abuse Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? 2% Yes No 98% Chart 5 14 Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? 33% Yes No 67% Chart 6 5.6.1 Universality of the mandatory drug testing scheme According to chart 5, 98% (42/43) respondents know about the mandatory drug testing scheme. The mandatory drug testing scheme is a trial scheme organized by the government which aim at 5 enhancing the resolve of students who have not taken any drugs to continue to stay away from drugs. Also, for students abusing drugs, the scheme can trigger their motivation to seek help and provide appropriate professional support to help them kick the habit early. After introducing this scheme to public, it aroused great public concern about the privacy of students. Although all the results of the scheme would not be publican, many people still believed that this scheme would interfere the privacy of students. The variety of opinions given by different interest groups enable the scheme became a very  controversial issue in Hong Kong. Hence, more and more Hong Kong citizens would pay attention to the scheme and learn more about this mandatory drug testing scheme. Therefore, there will have such a large proportion of respondents’ show that they know about this scheme. 5 Details of Trial Scheme on School Drug Testing in Tai Po District announced http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200910/19/P200910190178.htm 15 5.6.2 Effectiveness of the mandatory drug testing scheme On the other hand, according to chart 6, there are about 67% (28/43) of respondents believe that this mandatory drug testing scheme can effectively decrease the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. As this scheme is mainly carried out in schools so it can successfully find out teenage drug addicts in school and provide suitable medical treatment in order to help them to stop abusing drugs. Therefore, this scheme can successfully help in decreasing the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. However, there are 33% (14/42) of respondents believe this scheme is not effective in decreasing the number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. It is because this scheme is a voluntary drug testing scheme. Thus, teenage drug addicts can refuse to join this scheme so this scheme is quite difficult to find out these teenage drug addicts in school. Therefore, these respondents believe that this mandatory drug testing scheme is not effective in decreasing he number of teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong. Moreover, according to the data collected, people still carry a positive attitude towards this mandatory drug testing scheme. 5.6.3 Promotion by the government Do you know about any promotion on preventive measure of drug abuse done by the government? 16% Yes No 84% 16 Chart 7 According to chart 7, 84% (36/43) of respondents acquired some promotions on preventing drug abusing done by the government. In recent years, there are more and more surveys show that there is an increasing trend of teenage drug abuse. This arouses public attention. Therefore, the government put more efforts in promoting the preventive measures of teenage drug abuse. For example, government inserts many television commercial and different kinds of advertisement for promoting the preventive measures. Therefore, people can easily acquire these promotions on preventing drug abusing. This can help to gain public awareness onto the prevention of drug abuse which is a very effective ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. However, there are 16% (7/43) of respondents did not acquire any promotions on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government. This shows that the promotion done by the government in preventing drug abuse is not enough. Therefore, the government has to pay more efforts in promoting the preventive measures of drug abuse so as to prevent teenagers from abusing drugs. 5.6.4 Effectiveness of some preventive measures in preventing teenage drug abuse Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing 2% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 65% Chart 8 17 According to chart 8, there are 86% (37/43) of respondents think that government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abuse is an effective ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. Some of the teenagers may underestimate the bad effects brought by drug abuse. If they could understand the seriousness consequences of drug abuse, this may help to prevent them from trying drugs. Therefore, it is a very effective way in preventing teenagers from abusing drugs. Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers 0% 14% 14% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 72% Chart 9 According to chart 9, there are 86% (37/43) of respondents thinks that the most effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse is the cooperation between parents and schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers. As the symptoms’ caused by drug abuse are very obvious. Therefore, if parents and the schools can keep an eye on their manner, it can easily find out the teenage drug abusers. Hence, parents could try to find some treatment in order to help their children get rid of drugs. Therefore, it is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 18 Parents communicate more with their children 0% 21% 12% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% Chart 10 According to chart 10, there are 79 %( 34/43) of respondents thinks that more communications between parents and children is an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. Parents are a very influential group in the life of teenagers. Although children may sometimes show rebellion to their parents, they usually tend to listen to the advice given by their parents. Parents could find out whether their children had taken drugs through rapid communications between parents and children. It is easier for the teenage drug addicts to get rid of drugs when they receive medical treatment as early as possible. They can also stop their children from abusing drugs once they found out that they had tried drugs before. Therefore, it is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 5.6.1 Conclusion Among 10 preventive ways given in the questionnaire, most of the respondents believe that â€Å"Parents communicate more with their children†, â€Å"Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers† and â€Å"Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing† are the best ways in preventing teenage drug abuse. 19 5.7 Sources of information about drugs Where is your major source of information about drugs come from? 5% 19% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books Newspaper 35% 9% Talks Internet Others 23% 9% Chart 11 According to chart11, there are 35% (15/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through internet while there are 23% (10/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through newspaper. Also, there are 19% (8/43) of respondents obtain information about drugs through promotions by government. This shows that the Hong Kong has pay great attention onto the problem of teenage drug abuse which can provide a good environment in preventing teenage drug abuse. 5.8 Interview I had done an interview with Miss.Fung, a teenage social worker who has handled numerous of cases about teenage drug abuse. She gave a detailed distribution about the cause and bad effects of teenage drug abuse which is very similar to the data collected through questionnaire. However, she gave a great suggestion in preventing teenage drug abuse. She suggested that the government should turn the voluntary drug testing scheme into a compulsory drug testing scheme. She believed this would be a very effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 20 6. Conclusion From the research, we found that most of the people think that the problem of teenage drug abuse is very common in Hong Kong. Therefore, the problem of teenage drug abuse is quite serious in Hong Kong that we should pay attention on it and try to take actions to stop this problem from becoming more serious in the future. The main reasons that drive teenage abusing drugs are peer influence, seeking for excitement and escaping from sadness. Between all these reasons, peer influence is a major cause of teenage drug abuse as they do not want to refuse the requests of their friends in order to gain recognition. Therefore, we need to consider some preventive measures of teenage drug abuse that could address to this main cause. There are many bad effects that are caused by teenage drug abuse. The most common bad effects are addition, waning of memory and depression. All these bad effects would have great impact towards the teenage drug addicts which may badly affect their personal growth and development. We also found that more communications between parents and children, cooperation between parents and school in order to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers, more government promotions about the bad effects of drug abuse can help in preventing teenage drug abuse. Also, imposing a compulsory drug testing scheme in order to find out teenage drug addicts in Hong Kong is also an effective way in preventing teenage drug abuse. 21 7. Reflective After finishing the whole projects, I found that I have learned many things through doing this project. I have a more clear understanding towards teenage drug abuse in this moment. Although it is very great that I could learn so many things in this project, this project is a very difficult task for me as I need to finish it by myself. The level of difficulty is three time that of finishing a group work project. In the beginning, I chose teenage drug abuse as my enquiry theme because I think this topic is really easy. I can easily find many sources about teenage drugs abuse. Hence, I can finish my project as soon as possible. However, I am totally wrong. There are many difficulties I faced during the project. I found it difficult to identify the useful information about teenage drug abuse from a long passage of article. It took a long time to read through the sources and extract useful information from them. The techniques taught by teacher in choosing articles helped me to save up the time for reading useless articles. Besides, most of the information about teenage drug abuse is secondary source. Therefore, I have to find some primary sources so as to enable my project to be a more comprehensive project. Then, I chose to do interviews with social workers in order to obtain primary sources. This is another difficult task that I have to tackle with during the project. I found it difficult to look for social workers that are willing to do interview with me. After making several times of invitations, I successfully find a social worker to help me in doing the interview. Although I can only do the interview through phones, this interview helps me greatly in doing this project. As a whole, I think it is a very valuable experience in finishing such a big project by myself. Besides the knowledge I obtained from the project, I also learn some ways in tackling difficulties which are very important that I could never learn them through books. I believe these problem 22 tacking skills would be very useful even I am in the university. (Word Count: 4558) 23 8. Bibliography Type of materials Newspaper Books/ Articles/ Reports 2.é â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥ Ã¥  ¯Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¦ ­ » æ  ±Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± 1.Dennis Erng and Advian (Author) (October 18, 2010) South China morning Post (A1) é ¦â„¢ æ ¸ ¯ Ã¥ ¤ § Ã¥ ­ ¸ æ Å½ 嘉 è ª   é† « Ã¥ ­ ¸ é™ ¢ å…’ ç « ¥ Ã¥ Å  é â€™ Ã¥ °â€˜ Ã¥ ¹ ´ ç §â€˜ Ã¥ ­ ¸ ç ³ » è‡ ¨ Ã¥ ºÅ  å‰ ¯ æ•™ 授 (auth or) (September 5,2010) 3.æ   ¡ Ã¥Å"’ é ©â€" æ ¯â€™ è ¨Ë† ç• « æ“ ¬ æ“ ´ è‡ ³ å… ¨ æ ¸ ¯ ä » » ç §â‚¬ ç ¾ ¤ ,Ã¥ ¼ µ ä ¸â‚¬ è  ¯ (author) 2010 Ã¥ ¹ ´ 9 æÅ"ˆ 30 æâ€" ¥ 星 Ã¥ ³ ¶ æâ€" ¥ Ã¥   ± 4.æâ€" °Ã¨Ë†Ë†Ã¨ ¿ ·Ã¥ ¹ »Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€œ Ã§â€ž ¡Ã§ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¶ æ  ±Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± 5.æ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥Ã© â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¦Ë† Ã¨ ¨ËœÃ¦â€  ¶Ã¥ â€"æ   2011-01-18 星 Ã¥ ³ ¶ æâ€" ¥ Ã¥   ± 6.é â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦ ¿ «Ã¨â€" ¥Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ ¡Ë†Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¥ ¢Å¾Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¦Ë†  (星å ³ ¶)2010 Ã¥ ¹ ´ 12 æÅ"ˆ 26 æâ€" ¥ 星æÅ"Ÿæâ€" ¥ è ¨ËœÃ¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¥ ¼ µÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨  ¯ Teen Drug Use Increasing in Hong Kong September 8, 2009 ç› ¸Ã© â€¡=å‚ ·Ã§â„¢â€™Ã¢â€â‚¬Ã¢â€â‚¬Ã¦Ë†â€™Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¦ ­ ·Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã©â€ºâ€  é™ ³Ã¥Å"‹æ º ªÃ£â‚¬ Ã© º ¥Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¨ ¼ Ã§ · ¨Ã¨â€˜â€" Problems arising from drug abuse 戒æ ¯â€™Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€"æâ€" ·Ã¥ ° ¾ Websites: æ Å½Ã¥ ° Ã§ Å  Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã© â€œÃ¦â€º ¸Ã¦ ¨â€œÃ¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë† 星å ³ ¶Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥   ± æŽ ¢ Ã¥ °â€ž 燈 Ã¥ °  ç µâ€ž (auth or) (October 7,2010) by Valerie Belew, eHow Contributor ICE Case Studies http://wwwl.aeric.edu/ied/ice/DIAOYU.htm Video: Cheng-China Huang (July 1997) http://programme.rthk.hk/rthk/tv/programme.php?name=tv/drugbattle2011&p=4987&m=archi ve&page=1&item=100 24 9. Appendix Questionnaire I am a F.5 student of St. Francis’ Canossian College. I am doing a survey about teenage drug abuse in Hong Kong. Please fill in the questionnaire below. The information will be used for academic purposes only. Please put a tick in the chosen boxes. 1. Age: ââ€" ¡ 12-18 ââ€" ¡ 19-22 ââ€" ¡ 23or above 2. Have you ever abuse drugs before? Yes ââ€" ¡ No 3. What is meant by drug abuse? 4. Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 5. What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Peer influence ââ€" ¡ Seeking for excitement ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ ââ€" ¡ Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others: (please specify) 6. Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 7. Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? ( can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Addiction (æˆ Ã§â„¢ ®) ââ€" ¡ Respiratory depression(Ã¥ £â€œÃ¦Å â€˜Ã¥â€˜ ¼Ã¥  ¸) ââ€" ¡ Nausea (å™ Ã¥ ¿Æ') ââ€" ¡ Loss of appetite (é £Å¸Ã¦â€¦ ¾Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Å' ¯) ââ€" ¡ Waning of memory (è ¨ËœÃ¦â€  ¶Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¨ ¡ °Ã©â‚¬â‚¬) ââ€" ¡ Dehydration (è„ «Ã¦ ° ´) ââ€" ¡ Depression (抑é ¬ ±) 25 ââ€" ¡ Insomnia (Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§Å"  ) ââ€" ¡ Dizziness (暈çÅ" ©) 8. Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? ââ€" ¡ Yes (please answer question 7) ââ€" ¡ No (please move on answering question 8) 9. Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 10. Do you know about any promotion on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government? ââ€" ¡ Yes ââ€" ¡ No 11. How effective are the following methods help preventing teenage drugs abuse? Circle the number. Very Effective Parents communicate more with their children Parents learn more about the symptom of drug abusing Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing Government proposed a mandatory drug testing scheme Government send more social workers to talk with drug abuser Government build more drug rehabilitation centers (戒æ ¯â€™Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') School provide sources to teachers so as to let them know more about the symptoms of drug abusing Hold more talks to educate the teenagers at school 26 Effective 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Not Effective 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Poor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 Teacher communicate more with students 4 3 2 1 12. Where did you get the information about drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) ââ€" ¡ Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) ââ€" ¡ Books ââ€" ¡ Newspaper ââ€" ¡ Talks ââ€" ¡ Internet ââ€" ¡ Others: (please specify) This is the end of the questionnaire. Thank you for finishing the questionnaire. Charts: 1. Age: Age 0% 7% 12 to 18 19-22 23 or above 93% A-12-18 (40) B-18-22 (3) C-23or above (0) 27 2 Have you ever abuse drugs before? Have you ever abuse drugs before? 26% Yes No 74% A- Yes (11) B. No (32) 3. What is meant by drug abuse? Definition provided by respondents Misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs No of respondents 3 5 10 25 A maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent Intake of illegal drugs Over intake of certain drugs which lead to addiction 4. Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? Do you think the problem of teenage drug abuse is common in Hong Kong? 16% Yes No 84% A-Yes (36) B-No (7) 28 4.What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) What cause teenagers to take drugs? (Can choose more than one blanks) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 34 27 20 12 6 5 Peer influence Seeking for excitement Escaping from the sadness Imitating the manner of parents Underestimate the bad effects of drugs Others A- Peer influence (34) B- Seeking for excitement (27) C- Escaping from the sadness (20) D- Imitating the manner of parents (6) E- Underestimate the bad effects of drugs (12) F- Others (5) No Selection (0) Select 1 item (10) Select 3 items (15) Select 5 items (1) Select 2 items (12) Select 4 items (5) Select 6 items (0) 5. Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? Do you think drug abuse will bring any negative impacts towards the society? 0% Yes No 100% A-Yes (43) B-No (0) 29 6. Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? Are the following the negative impacts of drug abuse? 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 39 25 17 10 17 10 20 14 17 No Selection (0) Select 1 item (3) Select 5 items (4) Select 9 items (3) 7. Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? Select 2 items (13) Select 6 items (5) Select 3 items (6) Select 7 items (3) Select 4 items (6) Select 8 items (0) Do you know what the School-Based mandatory drug testing scheme about? 2% Yes No 98% A- Yes (please answer question 7) (42) B- No (please move on answering question 8) (1) 30 8. Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? Do you think the scheme can decrease the number of teenagers take drugs? 33% Yes No 67% A- Yes (28) B- No (14) 9. Do you know about any promotion on preventing drug abusing done by the government? Do you know about any promotion on preventive measures of drug abuse done by the government? 16% Yes No 84% A- Yes (36) No (7) 10. How effective are the following methods help preventing teenage drugs abuse? 31 Parents communicate more with their children 0% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% A-Very Effective (5) B-Effective (29) C-Not Effective (9) D-Poor (0) Parents learn more about the symptom of drug abusing 0% 9% 30% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 61% A-Very Effective (4) B-Effective (26) C-Not Effective (13) D-Poor (0) 32 Parents cooperate with schools to keep an eye on the manner of teenagers 0% 14% 14% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 72% A- Very Effective (6) B- Effective (31) C- Not Effective (6) D- Poor (0) Government proposed a mandatory drug testing scheme 2% 7% 28% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 63% A- Very Effective (3) B- Effective (27) C- Not Effective (12) D- Poor (1) 33 Government do more promotion on the bad effects of drug abusing 2% 12% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 65% A- Very Effective (9) B- Effective (28) C- Not Effective (5) D- Poor (1) Government send more social workers to talk with drug abuser 5% 7% 21% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 67% A- Very Effective (3) B- Effective (29) C- Not Effective (9) D- Poor (2) 34 Government build more drug rehabilitation centers (戒æ ¯â€™Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') 5% 23% 16% Very Effective Effective Not Effective Poor 56% A- Very Effective (7) B- Effective (24) C- Not Effective (10) D- Poor (2) School provide sources to teachers so as to let them know more about the symptoms of drug abusing 2% 5% Very Effective 30% Effective Not Effective 63% Poor A- Very Effective (2) B- Effective (27) C- Not Effective (13) D- Poor (1) 35 Hold more talks to educate the teenagers at school 2% 9% Very Effective 28% 61% Effective Not Effective Poor Very Effective A(1) B- Effective (26) C- Not Effective (12) DPoor (4) Teacher communicate more with students 0% 9% Very Effective 42% Effective Not Effective 49% Poor A-Very Effective (4) B-Effective (21) C-Not Effective (18) D-Poor (0) 11. Where did you get the information about drugs? 36 Where is your major source of information about drugs come from? 5% 19% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books Newspaper 35% 9% Talks Internet Others 23% 9% Promotion by the government (e.g.: advertisement, leaflets) Books (4) Newspaper (10) Talks (4) Internet (15) Others (2) Identities of respondents Submit Time Apr-12-2011 1:33 am Apr-12-2011 01:35 am Apr-12-2011 01:49 am Apr-12-2011 03:57 am Apr-12-2011 12:40 pm Apr-12-2011 12:49 pm Apr-12-2011 04:34 pm Apr-12-2011 05:02 pm Apr-12-2011 06:37 pm Apr-12-2011 06:45 pm Apr-12-2011 07:10 pm Apr-12-2011 07:37 pm Apr-12-2011 08:11 pm 37 (8) IP Address 218.253.118.159 116.48.84.219 61.10.137.36 99.238.61.74 173.58.21.249 113.255.170.79 223.19.184.136 218.102.79.213 116.48.75.180 59.149.153.34 203.185.58.179 113.254.253.200 112.119.248.186 Host Name cm218-253-118-159.hkcable.com.hk n1164884219.netvigator.com cm61-10-137-36.hkcable.com.hk CPE002401e5519f-CM00252eac3ca8.cpe.ne t.cable.rogers.com pool-173-58-21-249.lsanca.fios.verizon.net 113.255.170.79 223.19.184.136 pcd547213.netvigator.com n1164875180.netvigator.com 059149153034.ctinets.com 203185058179.res.dyn.ctinets.com 113.254.253.200 n112119248186.netvigator.com Apr-12-2011 08:25 pm Apr-12-2011 08:44 pm Apr-12-2011 08:47 pm Apr-12-2011 09:06 pm Apr-13-2011 10:46 pm Apr-14-2011 01:38 pm Apr-14-2011 07:24 pm Apr-14-2011 07:35 pm Apr-14-2011 07:54 pm Apr-14-2011 09:57 pm Apr-16-2011 05:51 pm Apr-16-2011 08:01 pm Apr-16-2011 11:59 pm Apr-17-2011 06:00 pm Apr-18-2011 08:49 pm Apr-18-2011 09:07 pm Apr-19-2011 01:13 am Apr-19-2011 03:22 pm Apr-22-2011 09:29 pm Apr-24-2011 02:29 pm Apr-26-2011 04:50 pm Apr-27-2011 06:48 pm Apr-28-2011 12:46 pm Apr-29-2011 03:27 pm Apr-29-2011 06:40 pm Apr-29-2011 11:00 pm Apr-30-2011 12:35 am Apr-30-2011 09:03 pm Apr-30-2011 09:20 pm 1.64.165.238 183.178.233.130 218.102.78.191 183.178.233.130 219.77.191.43 210.0.215.8 219.78.208.104 119.236.24.10 61.15.71.5 119.236.6.158 113.252.34.192 182.152.192.106 61.244.123.197 58.152.150.46 219.77.185.170 218.103.150.72 112.118.163.103 61.18.212.47 203.218.91.96 218.102.80.176 203.218.217.113 1.64.55.82 112.118.142.138 58.152.235.175 112.118.161.164 183.178.233.130 203.223.234.196 116.49.135.19 116.49.87.171 1-64-165-238.static.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com pcd546191.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com n219077191043.netvigator.com 210.0.215.8 n219078208104.netvigator.com n11923624010.netvigator.com cm61-15-71-5.hkcable.com.hk n1192366158.netvigator.com 113.252.34.192 m182-152-192-106.smartone-vodafone.com 061244123197.ctinets.com n058152150046.netvigator.com n219077185170.netvigator.com n218103150072.netvigator.com n112118163103.netvigator.com cm61-18-212-47.hkcable.com.hk pcd301096.netvigator.com pcd548176.netvigator.com pcd427113.netvigator.com 1-64-55-082.static.netvigator.com n112118142138.netvigator.com n058152235175.netvigator.com n112118161164.netvigator.com 183178233130.ctinets.com 203.223.234.196 n11649135019.netvigator.com n1164987171.netvigator.com n11649154003.netvigator.com May-01-2011 06:51 pm 116.49.154.3 38 Interview transcripts Date: 10th April, 2011 Time: 5:00p.m.-5:30p.m. Mode of interview: personal interview è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã§ ¨ ¿ I:è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã¨â‚¬â€¦ K:é ¦ ®Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥â€¦â€™Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã¥ · ¥ I:é ¦ ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸, ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥  Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã¤ ½  Ã© ¡ËœÃ¦â€ž Ã¦Å  ½Ã§ © ºÃ¦Å½ ¥Ã¥ â€"我的è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã£â‚¬â€š K:ä ¸ Ã§â€ ¨Ã¨ ¬ Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä º ¦Ã¥  Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã¤ ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©â€šâ‚¬Ã¨ «â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š I:Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¨ ¾ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'我們ç «â€¹Ã¥  ³Ã©â€"‹å §â€¹Ã©â‚¬ ²Ã¨ ¡Å'è ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã¤ ½  Ã¥ · ²Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¤ »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ¨ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ¸ »Ã© ¡Å'æ˜ ¯Ã¦Å"‰éâ€"Å"ä ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ °Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­, é â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'。é ¦â€"å…ˆ, ä ½  Ã¨ ª Ã§â€š ºÃ© ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'æ˜ ¯Ã¥  ¦Ã¥Å¡ ´Ã©â€¡ Ã¥â€˜ ¢Ã¯ ¼Å¸ K: é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å'Ã¥  ¯Ã¨ ¬â€šÃ¥Å¡ ´Ã©â€¡ Ã¤ ºâ€ , Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ª Ã¨ ­ËœÃ§Å¡â€ žÃ¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã© â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ · ²Ã© Å½Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ºâ€ , æ› ´Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ «â€"å… ¶Ã¤ »â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã¥ · ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¨ ª Ã¨ ­ËœÃ§Å¡â€ž ä ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š I:這ä ¹Å¸Ã§ ®â€"é  â€"åš ´Ã©â€¡ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¤ ½  Ã¨ ª Ã§â€š ºÃ¥ °Å½Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã© â€™Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥  ¸Ã¦ ¯â€™Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Å½Å¸Ã¥â€º  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼? 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