Case Study Problems Perrier Essay

1. Distinguish the key components of the protection from change depicted in this circumstance. To recognize the key components of the resistanceto change portrayed in this circumstance, one may utilize the six Change Approaches of Kotter and Schlesinger.[1]The model forestalls, limits or descreases protection from change in associations. As indicated by Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), there are four reasons that why individuals oppose change, three of which are pertinent to this case: The Parochial personal circumstance happens when individuals are worried about the effect of the change on themselves and how it might influence their own advantages, as opposed to thinking about the impacts for the achievement of the business. The association recommends this of Nestles. Jean-Paul Franc, leader of the CGT at Perrier, sees the circumstance in an unexpected way. As to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he dissents: â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it likes† He says, â€Å"There are people who work here†¦ Morally the water and the gas put away underneath this ground have a place with the entire region.† [2] Misconception which advances through correspondence issues or insufficient data. The board of an organization couldn't consent to a choice, maybe because of an absence of data of the genuine issue. Identifying with this case it isn't extremely clear what is causing the lower creation at this plant. As per Nestle CEO Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, â€Å"We have gotten to the heart of the matter where the improvement of the Perrier brand is imperiled by the willfulness of the CGT. What other place as indicated by Jean-Paul Franc, leader of the CGT at Perrier as referenced previously, â€Å"In respect to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he dissents, â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it prefers.? He says, â€Å"There are people who work here†¦ Morally the water and the gas put away underneath this ground have a place with the entire region.†[3] Various evaluations of the circumstance happens when workers differs on the reasons why the organization needs to change and on the focal points and hindrances of the procedure of progress. This applies to the above contrasts in evaluation of the issue and arrangement by the Nestler’s CEO and the association head. 2. Develop a change the board methodology for managing this circumstance. In this manner, recognize what approach (es) to overseeing opposition you suggest and give a reasonable support to your decision. Kotter and Schlesinger set out six change ways to deal with manage protection from change. In the accompanying we utilize four of the methodologies: [4] 1. Instruction and Communication There is an absence of data or off base data and examination. Rather than talking about legitimately with the workers, that deals were dropping, the director utilized a type of control in type of setting the competition’s bottles water for example Badoit Rouge in the production line cafeteria, which further offended specialists. This activity was against the expected inspiration. Probably the most ideal approaches to beat protection from change is to instruct individuals about the change exertion before change happens. Direct front correspondence encourages representatives to see the change exertion. This diminishes wrong bits of gossip concerning the impacts of progress in the association. 2. Interest and Involvement This methodology is valuable when that the initiators don't have all the data they have to structure the change and where others have extensive capacity to stand up to. This is the situation at Perrier, where a distinguishing proof of the genuine issue is fundamental. When utilizing this methodology it permits remembering the workers for the difficult definition just as expected arrangements. It supports open correspondence. The association and Nestles need to set similar objectives. At the point when representatives are engaged with the change exertion, they are almost certain concur with the change instead of stand up to. This methodology is probably going to bring down opposition and the individuals who simply assent to change. 3. Exchange and Agreement Someone or some gathering may miss out in a change and where that individual or gathering has impressive capacity to stand up to. This would be successful in managing the association at Perrier. This should be possible by permitting change resistors to veto components of progress that are compromising. Another way is that change resistors can be offered motivators to leave the organization through early buyouts or retirements so as to abstain from encountering the change exertion. This methodology is proper where those opposing change are in a place of intensity, similar to the CGT. 4. Express and Implicit Coercion This is a final hotel approach where speed in change is basic. Supervisors can expressly or certainly power workers into tolerating change by clarifying that opposing changing can prompt losing positions, terminating, moving or not advancing representatives. Cooperating with CGT, Nestles can arrange an anticipated level of expanded creation or in any case the proposed number of cutbacks (15%) will be required.

Oligopoly Markets free essay sample

An investigation on oligopoly advertises with an attention on the United States lager industry. This paper breaks down the American brew industry showcase, which is an astounding microeconomic model of an oligopoly. The writer composes that the lager business is a completely full grown market, with Anheuser-Busch immovably dug in as the market head and is hard for it to be unseated. The companys status offers it numerous advantages over opponent rivalry, including significant creation economies of scale favorable circumstances. The paper additionally portrays the two sorts of oligopolies unadulterated oligopoly and separated oligopoly. The U.S. lager industry every now and again is refered to for instance of a separated oligopoly. This is a market totally commanded by a couple of enormous firms, and especially by the market elephant, Anheuser-Busch. It is intriguing to take a gander at the U.S. brew industry as far as the monetary model that portrays oligopolistic conduct. Contrasting the model with this present reality conduct of the brew business, one find that in most of occurrences, the microeconomic model works admirably of depicting conduct inside the business. We will compose a custom article test on Oligopoly Markets or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page McConnell gives a decent meaning of an oligopoly that can fill in as a hopping off point to an assessment of the U.S. lager industry. Oligopoly exists when a couple of enormous firms, delivering a homogeneous or separated item, rule a market. Fewness implies that the organizations are commonly associated in that each must think about the potential responses of its opponents to value, publicizing, and item advancement choices. (McConnell, P. 220)

College Essay Examples - How to Choose Good Essay Examples

College Essay Examples - How to Choose Good Essay ExamplesCollege essay examples come in many shapes and sizes. The purpose of a college essay is to convince the reader that you know something new or have a new perspective on an old topic. Writing a good college essay can be difficult, but there are several tips and tricks that will help you with your first attempt.When choosing college essay examples, be sure to read and thoroughly research the topic that you plan to write about. Have a working knowledge of the topic before you begin writing a college essay. It is important to understand the terminology used by others so that you will not be unfamiliar with the facts that you are writing about.Also, decide on a reading list before you begin your essay. This is a good time to go through the topics that you have chosen and pick out the reading material that you need to read. This is a great way to get the material down on paper before you start writing.Make sure that you take notes du ring the process of choosing your college essay examples. Keep notes in an orderly fashion so that you can refer back to the material later. Note the format of the essay as well.After you have chosen the theme for your essay, you will want to follow the steps listed above in order to create your essay. Make sure that you use a formal style when writing the essay. Use proper grammar, proper punctuation, and always adhere to the rules set forth by the writers' manual that came with your resource book.Many people find it easier to find good college essay examples by going online. Most writing software programs contain a number of pre-formatted essay examples that are perfect for your purposes. You can then use these types of examples as a guide to what to write.Do not be afraid to tweak a few of the ideas in your college essay examples. By doing this, you can make your essay seems more unique than any textbook. The idea is to convey what you have learned in a clear and concise manner.S ome students get frustrated with their college essay examples because they are unable to write them as well as they should. There are some resources available that will assist you with the creation of the writing samples. Make sure that you use them before you start writing your final essay.

Essay On No Child Left Behind Act - 1247 Words

In 2004, coinciding with the conclusion of President George W. Bush’s first term in office, United States Secretary of Education, Rod Paige, released an essay depicting the successes of his administration. Paige’s department spearheaded the initiative sparked by the No Child Left Behind Act, a set of policies enacted to reform education and provide students with an improved degree of learning more suited to the evolving job market. Paige brings light to the findings of his administration, presenting what he considers to be evidence explicitly showing the successful nature of these programs. Through numerous faults with his argumentation and reasoning, however, Paige’s opinion on the outcome of said policies is highly debatable. To judge†¦show more content†¦With standard grading processes on the school level, motivation for sufficient learning is advancement and graduation from that educational branch. Except in cases of completely deteriorated motivatio n from the student, typically culminating in said student dropping out on their own accord, this incentive to complete the curriculum typically maintains student motivation. The shortsightedness of such testing is the assumption of a unified degree of student motivation, especially at the high school level (Forte, 2010). Standardized tests administered to student at this age group are frequently low pressure and low stake. Because the tests pose far less consequence to the student, and motivation for students can occur on such a wide spectrum, test results become far less uniform than expected (Ryan, Ryan, Arbuthnot, Samuels, 2007). When applied to a common, realistic scenario, the model begins to break down. For example, an unmotivated student would characteristically perform poorly on a test. When the scores are returned, however, the school is still expected to facilitate this student’s learning in order to resolve the previous score, following the trend of school culpabi lity. Due to differing degrees of motivation, the test results therefore possess a significant potential for ambiguous validity, which subsequently requires filtering of test results to stabilize the statistics (Wise, Wise, Bhola, 2006). To filterShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages1. Definition of the Policy The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, is a comprehensive overhaul of the federal governments requirements of state and local education systems (www.nclb.gov). It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replaces the 1994 Improving Americas Schools Act. 2. General Background Information President Bush has made education his number one domestic priority (www.ed.gov). OnRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act953 Words   |  4 Pagesare being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB act was enacted January 8, 2002, and has four reform principles to the act: Accountability, flexibility, Researched-based reforms and parental options. Accountability begins with informed parents, communities and elected leaders so we can work together to improve schools. The states will measure the progress by testing every child in grades 3Read MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act Making the NCLB Act effective is quite a chore for the federal and state legislation. The positive influences for the act are quite controversial. Accountability standards are set and measured on a yearly basis by each individual state. The educator’s qualifications and standards are also state and federally mandated. Reading, math and writing are the key academic subjects that are measured. The goal is to close the gap among race, socioeconomic groups, and disabledRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act822 Words   |  4 Pagesof Nation at Risk in 1983, and the enactment of new federal law, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) by President Lyndon B Johnson in 1965 all emphasized or established high standards and accountability within the nation’s education system. In 2002, Congress amended ESEA into the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). This act reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, affecting education from kindergarten through high school for over a decade. NCLB calls for increased accountabilityRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages The No Child Left Behind Act was based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The act set out to close the achievement gaps in educationRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1303 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind Children are the future of this world. In an ideal universe, every child would have the intelligence and skills to become a doctor or lawyer; instead, we live in a world in which intelligence and skills are, across the board, different and unique in every student. In an attempt to create a common ground of intelligence throughout all students, the Bush administration passed the No Child Left Behind Act. Under this act, expectations were created for schools to produce a specificRead MoreEssay on No Child Left Behind Act3562 Words   |  15 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act Alexis Cross His 324 Dr. Stephan Law February 20, 2010 No Child Left Behind Outline: 1. Introduction a. What I will be writing about b. Why I chose my topic c. What will be covered 2. The NCLB Act d. How it came to be e. What was proposed f. How it has been enacted 3. The NCLB Act g. Arguments in favor of h. Arguments against 4. Statistics i. How the NCLB Act has had a positive impactRead More No Child Left Behind Act Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountabilityRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 PagesInitiated in 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 intended to prevent the academic failures of educational institutions and individual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as theRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bushs education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math to measure their progress.

Theme of Isolation in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1573 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? Human interaction is an absolute necessity for the well being of a human. Despite the damage that can be done when one is hurt by another, the lack of connection is deadly. A gruesome tale that follows miss Emily Grierson in A rose for Emily by William Faulkner where the author utilizes several tools to dissect how extreme isolation and abandonment may lead a person to such horrendous crimes such as necrophilia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theme of Isolation in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily" essay for you Create order In doing so, death and a resistance to modern ideas became another normality in the story which lead to the death of a womans humanity. All proof of how essential affection is the happiness of a person over all. The damage caused to a person may be observed in the publics highly judgmental,gossipy,and sometimes hypocritically attitude about her and the inability of a person to build any relationships due to the isolation. Emily Grierson is subject to the scrutiny of her whole town in several points of her life. From the very beginning at her funeral the towns people gave way to several aspects of their home which may explain their society. The first section of the story disseminates that she is part of their oncemost select street and now, her once high class house had become an eyesore among eyesores. This rift that Emilys family had with the townspeople led to their belief that she was an obligation to the town. Like her house and its unwillingness to be updated Emily soaks in her stubbornness by refusing to pay her taxes. Demonstrating the lack of respect of authority for the new leaders of the town. She treated them with a cold and dry attitude that demanded respect and patience. Emily never cared for the new authorities of the town and even indicated her alienation and isolation when she for the claims confirmation of a person that passed away almost ten years beforehand. The second section divulges into her tense relationship with the town. The town didnt dare confront her about the taxes nor the about the odor coming from her house.A smell that serves as a foreshadow that there is something rotting away in her house, so much so the they decided to secretly spread lime all around her property. And yet, despite all the indications, all the scrutinization, and observations they make of Miss Emily they ironically fail to realise that she is deeply disturbed,criminally insane, and neglect the discovery of the murder until 40 years after.Once again proving that the drift she had with the town remained as deep and wide as before the death of her father. Despite their efforts to get close to her after the death of her father, her cold attitude and rejection of the tow ns pitty did nothing to better her situation. Only sunk her even deeper into her loneliness, desperation, and madness. Her father became the trauma that set the foundation to her disturbed mind. The fact that her father was described as this looming figure that scared away any suitors explained why after he died she had kept his body. Her instability was evident when the only reason she let them take her fathers body away was due to the fact that they knew he died. Her obsession with death showed how powerless, lonely, and angry she felt towards her father. She is a psychopath driven by her extreme desperation for revenge against her father and her bitterness towards the outside world. Indicating that this is what she wanted until an outsider was let into Emilys world. This short lived happiness was just that. Short lived. Soon their relationship crumbled. Her incapacity to hold an actual relationship with someone is very clear and amplifies her loneliness and the effects of her abandonment. He abandoned her, setting off a trigger in her disturbed soul. When Homer her dashing beau that was often see n with emily around the town after he came to the town and was the center of attention, altered her reality it was as dangerous. This isnt exaggerated when her behavior is further analyzed. He gave her a dose of normal human interaction. Because of her past, she was deprived of this so when he took away, that she sunk into her desperation she decided to keep his company all to herself. Killing him was the only way she understood how to keep that happiness forever. Therefore , the lack of love in her life set the foundation of her instability. Emilys home is a mirrored image of herself with a bond that ages with her. From her beauty and prestige the house that stood proudly in the most select street as did Emilys beauty. Her purity with the years morphed into a smell of decay. In the same way Emily, once young and full of despair, has been driven into madness through the rotting of the old ways and the birth of a modern era. At the same time, her aging in unison with the house and the servant become part of her distorted view on what is love.A monster was being hidden in a rotting house. And that monster was Emily herself. She constitutes the stubbornness and refusal to change. Insisting in the old ways, in the old agreements, in an old house is the very description of her unawareness of the outside world. This type of difficult lifestyle is driven by the miserable people that know no different than their reality. Why would she alter her views when all she has seen is a town controlled by her oppressing father? This is cr ucial proof that people would rather wallow in their misery than to change. With a father like hers and a lack of a mother figure there is no chance she is able to be a functional adult. Despite there being no rose manifested in the story, the title introduced it as the idea of love. A rose that is dried up and conserved in the pages of an old book she is, in the same manner conserving Homers body in his wedding clothes inside the closed off room of the house. As a young girl, suitors lined up and yet she never was allowed the chance to accept the rose of love. This deep despair that she felt when she realized that there is no happy ending , which caused her to drown in madness. The key factor or lack of love is the effects of human warmth that she so desperately needed. The caliber of her taste in the eye of the town is high, therefore Homer wasnt good enough for her. Emily doesnt care about that; she lets herself be seen with him. She actually stepped out of the house to allow everyone to determine the nature of their relationship. Her father was no longer around to say anything about it. She for that short amount of time was able to free herself from her fathers oppression and feel what a normal person feels. This is detrimental to her ability to function as a normal person. Family should be a good support system when everything is going wrong, but for Emily, even that wasnt an option. Her two cousins from Alabama visit her and stay with Miss Emily to assure that her behavior doesnt violate their southern societys strict code of propriety while she and Homer are romantically involved with one another. They didnt come around when her father died and were nowhere to be found as she grew up and yet the only thing they cared about was appearances. Fam ily is supposed to provide support when at home things arent right. Yet, here they were lacking familial love towards Miss Emily. This proves that they possess similar attitudes as her father despite that they allowed this romance. She was indifferent to this, but the truth is that if she now experienced what true affection was, then she would have recognised her family had none of that for her. This is truly saddening and her familys departure is different than all of the others because she might even have been relieved that they left. Her family saw that she had no one and yet decided to leave anyways, this must have been nothing to her since all of the the other abandonments had dangers aftermath. For instance her fathers death lead to her isolation and unconventional behavior.The abandonment of Homer lead to his murder, but she was seemingly passive to her family desertion. So her issues are due to her fathers strict rule over her life. A monster isnt born, its created. In this disturbing short story A Rose for Emily is the proof that in order for a person to have a healthy morality they must have some sort of connection anything outside of a toxic home. Miss Emily isnt a functional human because she lived in forced isolation all of her life. Inside of her house she lived in extreme despair and loneliness, slowly rotting away without any sort of human connection. The lack of affection became deadly to her and whomever attempted to get close to her. From her authoritarian father, her dashing lover, and finally her sanity all rotted away in her home. Extreme isolation and abandonment may lead a person to such horrendous crimes such as necrophilia due to the fact that going without human contact for too long may literally break a heart.

Application Of Theories, Principles And Models Of...

1. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of reflective practice to continuing personal and professional development When evaluating theories, principles and models of reflective practice it is always useful to have a brief overview of the target subject. Continuing Personal and Professional Development (CPPD) refers to the development of an individual in their professional work life. In essence it can be compared to a journey, with a point of origin and an end point, within which there a number paths and targets along the journey with a variety of career choices. In order to improve our own practice as a teacher, and professional in a teaching organisation working with your peers and others, it is vital to digest†¦show more content†¦2. Adults experience and incorporate new perspectives on previously held ideas, modes of reasoning and ideologies. A teacher in their practice should constantly incorporate and add new ways of teaching and learn from previous experiences. 3. All adults carry a preconception of behaviour; for example in a public place, which is based on personal upbring and experience. What may be perceived as abnormal behaviour for one individual can be perfectly acceptable to another person. I teach Key Skills to young adults with behavioural and emotional issues from a broad variety of differing backgrounds and life experiences. As a consequence, I constantly have to be very creative in my professional practice. Employing the three concepts of Brookfield’s critical reflection allows me to challenge any assumptions I may have and offers me the opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of my teaching practice. My area of improvement was in specifically, the delivery of English with learners who were demotivated and disengaged from the learning experience. I identified that in an academically driven environment, these particular learners were not comfortable with a formal classroom setting, due to previous negative experiences of the school environment. This generated the need for new methods of delivery, which was discussed with previous class tutor and teaching peer group, problems areas identified in previous classes the learners relaxed too

Project Closure and Post Implementation Review for Cycle Phase

Question: Discuss about theProject Closure and Post Implementation Review for Cycle Phase. Answer: Project Closure Towards the end of any project managers will need to prepare for the closure. Project closure is the last phase of a project life cycle (Heagney 2016 p.34). It represents a phase in which activities and functions of a project come to a stop. It is all normal for projects to come to a closure because they must begin and end this is part of its characteristic. The project closure may take place quickly, clean or a longer process depending on the reason for closure. Project closure take place if goal of the project has been met, it is not economical and mutual agreement of stakeholders. Project managers need to be ready for any project closure in case it comes early or later. The project closure becomes the first event before project stakeholders review the post implementation. Project closure activities Once the management of the project decides to close the project all process leading to it must be planned and implemented (PMI 2013 pp.56). It should be a smooth planned process that will bring significant results. Similar to other project life cycle phase it should be planned, budgeted and scheduled appropriately. The first step to a closure process is to have a termination manager who will oversee the process. There are several activities, procedures and events that take place during project closure. Project managers organize a briefing meeting with all stakeholders (Heagney 2016 p.34). The meeting is preparing all stakeholders explaining to them events that takes place during project closure. A plan in form of a checklist for closure is created by the project manager. The checklist enables project team to follow them as part of steps during closure (example of checklist is attached in appendix 1). An inventory list was created of all resources and assets that are available and use d in the project. The inventory list of assets was useful in providing a methodology in which assets was disposed of. For example others were transferred to parent projects and others were sold for residual value. The project closure is not an individual activity every stakeholder needs to be informed and participate in the entire process. During closure all project team members, investors, suppliers and customers were summoned to a brief meeting were agreements were done mutually on matters that affected them directly or indirectly. Before accounts were closed the contractors, creditors and suppliers owing the business were paid for full statements of their accounts. All debts that the business owes are collected and banked. The human resource department was engaged in coming up with suitable plan of compensating the employees. For example some of the employees who had completed their contract were given gratuity as form of compensation. The termination managers who in most cases are the project manager will ensure that documents and records are closed, filled and stored well. Those documents with critical information are stored well in locked cabinets, while others are disposed of. The closure of works should be done smoothly to avoid conflicts and breakdown of operations. For example it can be done in stages or phases to allow organization and scheduling of resources and employees involved. A budget review was done to establish variances of the planned and actual performance. The review was done by having a project audit that covered finance and asset management. Later a ceremony of project closure was done involving the project stakeholders. Potential issues arising from none closure of projects The project closure was performed to ensure a smooth end to the project seek approval of project client or sponsor. The can be two potential issues that can arise if a project is not closed completely include: The first issue is that it can bring uncertainty among stakeholders if the processes and functions of the project continue. The second issue is that management cannot be able to evaluate how they performed by carrying out a post evaluation. The first issue can be solved by having a stakeholder closure briefing meeting, while the second issue is by having a post evaluation audit to establish if the goals have been met. The project closure phase is important in project because it signifies the end of process and acceptance of the project (Heagney 2016 pp.45). Project managers need to have a clear budget and schedule for project closure. Post Implementation Review Post implementation review comes after project closure has taken place. It is an assessments carried out after completion of a project which defines time and life cycle of the project (PMI 2013, pp.45). But is normal practice to allow time for project changes before PIR is done. The assessments are done based on three elements of aims, scope and objectives. PIR should clearly indicate what went wrong or right, indicating persons who contributed to success. Not forgetting activities and functions that brought value to the project. In project management it is important for project managers to review experiences in order to learn approaches for new experiences. PIR activity can be done by project team through audit or evaluation process with final report being made. A suitable PIR should cover the following subjects: project overall performance, technical/operative performance, techniques of project management, and organization structure. A review of overall performance was carried out to make comparison of had been achieved on the basis on what was planned. The findings from PIR process did provide proper justifications of the failures and triumphs that occurred. A review of technical and administration performance were useful in explaining if certain practice or procedure were efficient or effective. The PIR did provide findings of structure and schedule reviews of the project of which some aided or impeded the project (Crawford Nahmias 2010, pp.34). The project teams review helped in describing performance of each team member towards project. The findings did provide appraisal data was used to make decisions of retaining some of the skilled and competent employees. Lastly the PIR did provide data that was used to assess the effectiveness of the project tools, techniques and methodologies employed in executing project activities. Role of PIR in projects The fundamental purpose of PIR process is to improve and provide baseline data future projects. Many projects carry out PIR in order to establish if the project is meeting the required deliverables. The data collected can be useful in providing baseline information for future projects. They will be used by project managers as part of evidence of good practices that will be adopted. It is useful information when making estimates and budgets for similar projects in future. The projects can use PIR as a post evaluation activity that management can use to provide reports to relevant stakeholders. The team can review performance to establish whether the project did meet the goals and expectations of the stakeholders. In addition it can be useful in providing learning experiences. The data from PIR can provide weaknesses, failures and successes in which can be used to correct future projects. Project managers will need to integrate PIR in their projects in order to assess performance after they have been completed. Reference lists Crawford, L., A. H. Nahmias, 2010, Competencies for Managing Change, International Journal of Project Management, 28 (4), pp.405-412. Heagney, J., 2016, the project manager leader: in fundamentals of project Management. New York: Adventure works press. PMI, 2013, A guide to project management body of knowledge . Newtown Square: PA: PMI.